Bashkir tawaye. Bashkir tawaye 1705-1711: haddasawa, sakamakon

Bashkir yunkuri na 1705-1711 shekaru ya bar ta alama a cikin tarihi na Rasha. Wannan zamani ne ba ma yadu rufe. A kan backdrop na Great Arewa yakin da sake fasalin na Bitrus da tarzoma sau da yawa gabatar da masana tarihi kamar qananan m matsaloli.

maimakon gabatarwar

Tafi ne instigators, ya tashe da Bashkir tawaye. Mahalarta a cikin wadannan abubuwan da suka faru da aka ambata ba a cikin ayyukan art a bambanci, misali, da baƙauye yunkuri na Pugachev. A halin yanzu, da tarihi na al'umman da suke kunshe a cikin Rasha Empire, kuma ya zama ta tarihi. Shi ne ya kamata a lura da cewa shiri iyaka, harshe da al'adu na Bashkirs a baya daban-daban daga yau. Kafin ta kwatanta Bashkir yunkuri na farkon karni na sha takwas, a takaice dubi tarihin wannan al'umma.

yanayin bayanai

Zai yiwu kakanninsa Bashkirs ambaci a cikin rubuce-rubucen Herodotus da Talomi. An yi imani da cewa su kabilanci ƙasa - wannan steppe na Kudancin Urals. Arab kafofin na tara karni kai tsaye shaida ga wannan. Kamar yadda Ibn don Allah, Bashkirs - Turks da suke zaune a kudancin gangara daga cikin Urals, zauna a sararin yanki zuwa Volga, su da makwabta zuwa kudu-maso-gabas suna da Pechenegs a yamma - da Bulgars, a kudu - Oguz.

Sharif Idrisi, geographer na goma sha biyu karni, ya ruwaito cewa Bashkirs zaunar a asalin da Kama da Urals. Ya yi magana da mai girma yarjejeniya kira Nemzhan located in na sama kai na cikin kogin Lika (yiwu Yaik ko Ural). Bashkirs aka tsunduma a jan smelting, Mining fox da kuma dabbar beaver furs, da duwatsu masu daraja. A birnin gurkhan, a arewacin ɓangare na kogin Agidel, Bashkirs aka sanya ado, kayan doki da kuma makamai.

Asalin da mutane

Majiyoyi cewa Bashkirs sun dade a zaune cikin Yuzhnyy Ural. Na dogon lokaci sun kasance mafi yawa mutane a yankin. Domin bayani a kan lõkacin da ta je da Bashkir Yuzhnyy Ural yadda su kowa da harshen da aka kafa, shi ne ba a sani. Gaskiyar cewa su ne a irin wannan low matakin na ci gaba da cewa sun bar bayyana burbushi. A lokaci guda ƙasar da aka sanaki yawa Ugric kabilan wanda ya mallakar da bayani dalla-dalla aiki daga karfe da sauran sana'o'i. Evidence da suka tsaya mounds da kuma sauran archaeological Finds.

Fiye ko žasa bayyananne ra'ayin da Bashkir mutane ya bayyana ne kawai a cikin 16-17 ƙarni. Da farko da aka watsar da kabilun. Daga bisani, wadannan kungiyoyin kafa bayyanannun bambance-bambance a al'ada. Kamar yadda daya version, da Bashkirs zo zuwa ga Yuzhnyy Ural daga Ural ciki, a kan sauran - shi ne wani rukuni na Finno-Ugric kabilu, ya halartar babba Turkization. Na uku kuma mafi m version ne cewa Bashkirs - ne saurã daga nomadic kabilu wanda switched zuwa wani zaunar da hanyarsa ta rayuwa. Ba zato salon canji da gudummawar da bacewar wasu al'adun gargajiya da kuma maye gurbin su da wasu. By lokacin da canji na nomadic pastoralism a Semi-nomadic faru a lokacin daga 17 ga watan zuwa karni na 19. A lokaci guda, rayayye gano Yuzhnyy Ural Rasha. Saboda haka, al'adun gargajiya na Bashkirs aka maye gurbinsu da Rasha da kuma Finno-Ugric. Bashkirs aka farauta da noma. Part na al'adun gargajiya da aka rasa. Mulkin mallaka na mutane aka gwada da taushi, kamar yadda da yawa kiyaye wani nomadic salon. Kawai jita-jita, ya tilasta Christianization Bashkirs ƙĩ kaba.

rabe-raben harsuna akidar

Bashkirsky harshen nasa ne-Kypchak Volga subgroup hada a Qypchaq kungiyar Turk reshe Altaic harsuna. Akwai uku yarukan: kudancin, da gabashi, arewa-maso-yammacin. A zamanin da, Bashkirs amfani Turkic runic rubuce-rubuce, a lokacin samuwar Musulunci - Larabci haruffa. An yunkurin da aka yi fassara cikin harshen na Roman haruffa, a lokacin a cikin Bashkir haruffa na talatin da uku Rasha haruffa, da kuma tara ƙarin ake sanya takamaiman sautuna.

addini

Bisa ga tsoho Larabawa, da Bashkirs tun asalinsu arna imani. Ancient kabilan bauta wa goma sha biyu alloli, da sojoji gano da kansu tare da namomin jeji. A fili, da tsoho addini ya yi kama da shamanism. Period bayyana al'ummai Urals Arab masana tarihi daidai da farkon na tallafi na Musulunci Bashkirs. Bashkirs riqi yancin gudanar Musulunci sa a cikin jini, hallakaswa tawaye.

shiga Rasha

A 13-14 karnoni, da Bashkirs kasance wani ɓangare na Golden taro. Bayan ta fall al'umma da aka raba geographically. Western da kuma arewa maso yammacin Bashkirs kasance a karkashin ikon na Kazan Khanate. A jama'ar na tsakiya, kudanci da kuma kudu-maso-gabashin ɓangare na Bashkiria ya karkashin mulkin da Nogay taro. Zauralskaya sau da yawa ake magana a kai a matsayin Siberian Khanate. A lokacin zamanin mulkin Ivana Groznogo Bashkirs duk khanate bi da bi ya dauki Moscow dan kasa.

yarda da yanayin m da Bashkir tawaye. Haka ya faru bayan da kama na Kazan. A shigarwa ya son rai, yuwuwa ta magani na Rasha tsar ga Bashkirs. Ivan Grozny sanya unprecedented asasshe ga Bashkirs, ba su da wani patrimonial dama zuwa ga ƙasa, da tsare Musulunci da kuma karamar hukumar.

A tarihin tawayen

Ƙoƙari na kara rushe da manifesto ya sa tartsatsi damunsu a kan wani ɓangare daga mutãnen Bashkiria. Bayan Accession zuwa kursiyin da Romanovs Bashkir ƙasashe fara rayayye raba gonaki, ta haka ne da keta patrimonial dama daga cikin mutane ya mallaki ƙasar. A farko bore faru a 1645. Next Bashkir tawaye faru daga 1662 zuwa 1664, 1681 zuwa 1684, daga 1704 a 1711 (1725) shekara. A mafi tsawo lokaci cika da ake dangantawa da wani ƙoƙari ka tumɓuke Musulunci. All Bashkir tawaye kawo matsala ga Rasha jihar da kuma rikitarwa cin gaban sabuwar asashe. Sarautan sake tabbatar da patrimonial dama Bashkir kuma bã sabon gata domin sulhu.

Bashkir yunkuri na 1705-1711 shekaru

A cewar daya daga version, da tawaye ba Yunƙurin zuwa jita-jita, a ban na Musulmi addini, a kan sauran - kãmun patrimonial asashe da kuma kiwon haraji. A watan Agusta, 1704 a Bashkiria isa Dohov haraji na haraji, da kuma Zhiharev Sergeev. Sun sanar da wani sabon gwamnatin doka. Yana da aka sanar da bullo da haraji a kan masallaci, mullahs da kuma ikilisiya gidan bauta. Masallatai da aka gina a kan model na wani Orthodox coci, da hurumi na gaba zuwa coci don tsara, kula da records da parishioners da rajista na aure na mutuwa, rike su a gaban Orthodox firistoci. Duk wadannan firtsi aka gani a matsayin shiri domin da ban a musulmi addini.

A lokacin babban Arewa War, bukata albarkatun, da kuma Bashkirs bukaci ƙarin 200 000 dawakai da 4,000 sojoji. Total umurnin a kawo ta da masu karɓar haraji, ya ƙunshi 72 sabon haraji. Musamman, da haraji da aka gabatar kan ido launi. Bashkir sani nuna adawa, ya kuma nemi su ware kansu ga shigarwa a cikin Ottoman Empire. A farko tarzoma ya faru a karkashin jagorancin Aldara da Kuzyuk.

By 1708 Bashkirs Samara, Saratov, Astrakhan, Vyatka, Tobolsk, Kazan aka kama. A tawaye aka kawai iyakance, amma kawai don kashe da 1711 karshe. Jihar "pribytchiki" - karɓar haraji Dohov, Sergeev da Zhiharev - An daure da kuma azabtar da tarin doka haraji da kuma unforeseen doka. Ta haka ne haddasawa an shafe Bashkir tawaye 1705-1711 gg. Duk da zaman lafiya kafa kawai a 1725 Bashkirs sake mubaya'a ga Rasha Sarkin sarakuna. Sakamako na Bashkir tawaye sun m. Kashe da yawa Rasha da kuma Bashkir, damunsu ne har yanzu kiyaye.

The so daga cikin mutane zuwa kai-kafiya ba ya kwanta bayan da tsarist gwamnatin asasshe, amma wani tawayen da ya tashi ba da daɗewa ba. Ba tare da togiya, da tarzoma da aka mur, da kuma instigators aka hukunci mai tsanani.

saukarwa tawaye

Bari mu ga yadda ci gaba da Bashkir tawaye. Tebur a kasa misalta da matakai da kuma abubuwan da suka faru.

kashi

A dalilan da shan kashi na tawaye Bashkir yawa. Fragmentation na kabilun da su Semi-nomadic hanyar rayuwa kamar domin amfanin sarki dakarun, da kuma yaƙi da su. Kama da kuma halakar da kananan 'yan tawaye da sojan doki da sojoji, don kare su daga Rasha ƙauyuka yana da wuya matuƙa. Bi da bi, da 'yan tawaye, ba tare da m karkashin shugabancin tsakiya, amsa dabam. Da manufofin mutum kungiyoyin - daga banal sace don ƙirƙirar wani zaman kanta a jihar. Bashkirs sun talauci m, da bãbu wani fortifications kasance bã su iya gudanar da kewaye. Kayar da su suna bayyana ta amfani da gida, yawan, da kama hannun yaro magabaci a cikin lambobin, da na da kashi na mamaki. A dalilan da shan kashi na tawaye Bashkir kuma karya a cikin rashin iyawa don gudanar da shawarwari, da ci gaba da internecine gwagwarmaya da siyasa auna daidai instigators.

Last Bashkir tawaye

Next Gwada tada Bashkir fitina ya fi na jini. Dalilan Bashkir tawaye kama da na baya wadanda. Rarraba patrimonial ƙasar bauta wa mutane ya jagoranci wani tawaye da 'yan asalin yawan jama'a. A lokacin boren Bashkirs ya kuma an zabe da kansa m - Sultan Giray. Godiya ga "gaskiya" Rasha Bashkir tawaye aka niƙa. Bashkir tawaye 1735-1740 shekaru da'awar rayuwar daya cikin hudu Bashkir.

A 1755 -1756 shekaru, shan amfani da 'ya'yan itatuwa nasara, Rasha Empire yanke shawarar da ya biya Bashkirs zuwa Kristanci. Karya sabon kalaman na tawaye. A 'yan tawayen ba su da hadin kai, a karkashin matsin lamba daga sojojin Rasha, da yawa daga cikinsu bar a cikin Kazakh matakan. Elizabeth II kusantar da su gefe na Volga Tatars, da kuma 'yan tawayen suka ci sake.

A 1835-1840 shekaru dangane da jita-jita, game da sauyin Bashkir manoma baƙauye tawaye ya barke a karkashin serfdom gidan haya. Yana halarci wani total na kimanin mutane 3,000. Manoma ba su iya rebuff sojojin suka ci. A lokacin da kake gama da Bashkir tawaye. Serfdom a Rasha ne a ƙi, kuma patrimonial ƙasar ba ta shãfe. Developing masana'antu da kuma hanya hakar, wanda idon shafar tattalin arzikin da yankin.