Basic dokokin zane zane

Zamani al'umma a ci gaba da kuma tattalin arziki da ayyukan sa m amfani da zana harshe, wanda ya kwanan babu madadin (holographic fasahar ne har yanzu a ci gaba da mataki). Graphic harshen sami ta fasaha aikace-aikace ta jawo hasashe na uku girma abubuwa biyu-girma jirgin sama. Wannan hanya yana da wani ban sha'awa tarihi, amma shi ba - da batun wannan labarin. Our burin - don samar da karatu tare da wani bayyani na zane a matsayin daidai da na kowa da kowa ga kayan aiki da injiniyoyi da kuma gine-ginen cikin sharuddan da janar normative tsari.

A gwani wanda ya san dokoki na zane zane dole ne ma competently shiryar da aiki na dacewa Jihar matsayin, ma'ana da asali tsara bukatun da zane. Har ila yau muhimmanci shi ne ta cancantar, kyale har ma ga hadaddun dimbin yawa sassa da mafi kyau duka tsabta wakiltar geometrical constructions a cikin zane-zane.

Me kana bukatar ka sani kuma ya sami damar gudanar da wani zane

Da fari dai, shi ne aka yi nufi da cewa m ta ilmi kaya ko injiniya - artist zane hada da ESKD - zane zane dokoki da m basira daga cikin mafi kyau wakilci na lissafi tsinkaya bayani nuna shi a cikin zane.

A halin yanzu, zamani m musamman shirye-shirye - kwamfuta-taimaka zane maye gurbin da gargajiya "manual" mãkirci. Duk da haka, aiki da kai har yanzu na bukatar wani m ilmi na wadannan baƙi:

- 2.301-68 - Sets da format zanen gado na zane a takarda ko lantarki nau'i.

- 2.302-68 - kayyade rabo daga cikin abu size a cikin adadi, to ta real size (sikelin).

- 2.303-68 - gudãnar alama Lines a cikin Figures shawarar da m dokokin.

- 2.304-81 - Sets yanzu zane fonts.

-2.307-68 - kayyade for jawo kamar zane girma da kuma tolerances.

Muhimmanci , cancantar bukatun ga haƙĩ na zane su ne kamar haka:

- m ikon amfani da ESKD - zane zane dokoki game da aikace-aikace.

- basira lissafi constructions domin hazaƙar aiki na zane, wanda aka sa'an nan dace a yi amfani da kayan sa alama takamaiman bayani.

Sansanonin haifar zane

Development of zane takardun (halittar wanda tsara ESKD - zane zane mulki) ne a dole mataki gabanin ainihin samar sassa.

A wannan tushen muhimmanci ƙayyadaddu: abin da yake da abin da aka samar. abin da yake da misali sunan samfurin. ta daidai size, siffar, daga abin da kayan shi aka yi. Duk wannan yana da muhimmanci, saboda sa'an nan da zane takardun zai zama babban lamuni na ainihi daga cikin yi daga sassa da kuma idan da ake bukata - interchangeability da analogue, bayar da wasu masana'antun. A cikin sharuddan amfani da guda kayan aiki (dokoki da ka'idoji) daban-daban masana'antun, da muhimmanci a kiyaye su ESKD - zane zane dokoki.

Gost gudãnar zane

Mun riga mun ambata a cikin wannan labarin ESKD sharuddan Gost nagartacce a cikin mahallin da kullum rawa ga injiniya. Ƙayyade da dangantaka.

Rawar da kullum iko a cikin zane zane daban daban da kuma zane-zane a tsara takardun wasa a musamman ɓullo da a jihar matakin, uniform da matsayin fasahar - Gost. Wadannan matsayin kungiyar hada hadade tsarin zane takardun, ko ESKD.

ESKD dama don gudanar da wani iko da wasan kwaikwayon na zane, a kan halin yanzu mataki na halitta, karshen yarda da ta dace shiri na aikace-aikace matsayin wani nau'i na takardun a cikin tsarin na musamman da kamfanoni da kungiyoyi, kazalika a cibiyoyin na ma'aikatar ilimi. ESKD - zane zane dokoki - canza tare da kasa da kasa ISO nagartacce (ie, yarda da International matsayin kungiyoyin ..), kazalika da saduwa da bukatun na dindindin hukumar na standardization.

Ya kamata a lura cewa yarda da jihar nagartacce ake dauri a duk yankunan da masana'antu, kazalika da gudanar da bincike da kuma zane cibiyoyin. Haka kuma, Gost - dokoki na zane zane - bukata a cikin binciken na aikin injiniya da graphics a cibiyoyin ilmi.

Saboda haka, duk da aiki da kai na ci gaba da sanya a samar da zane, baƙi kamata ka sani. Duk da haka, mun riga da shugabanci na babban shike ga kwamfuta-jahilin abokan adawar, kunsha a gaskiyar cewa dukan dokokin riga ya gana a cikin zane-zane, wanda ya zama da sauki a samu a kan Internet.

Zan iya, ana tsunduma a mãkirci, ba su sani ba da baƙi? Babu!

Duk da haka, muna zuwa aiki a kan gaba da kwana, suna cewa eh, lalle ne, yanzu a kan Internet wani PC mai amfani iya zabar daga duban hotuna dama zane. Kuma a sa'an nan ya yi amfani da musamman shirin don gane, da ake so zane.

Duk da haka, akwai wayo husũma. A gaskiya zane fitarwa shirin ajizai ne, bi da bi, ya samu yin amfani da su da gangan jawo shi ya ƙunshi gwaji kuskure. Su ne, ba shakka, ta ci gaba da yi gyara, ta amfani da ilimi na jihar nagartacce.

Shi ya sa more hankali a cikin wannan halin da ake ciki ir} iro yin amfani da hotuna na zane a matsayin wani misali na, realistically recreating su ta amfani da musamman software - kwamfuta-taimaka zane. Jagoranci CAD wakilin for baya 'yan shekarun da suka gabata ne wani AutoCAD ci gaban kamfanoni da duniya-rated «Autodesk». Wannan shirin da ake na rayayye amfani da manyan zane ofisoshin. Kuhlman gangara a tarihi!

Formats. Jihar Standard 2.301-68

The zane ake yi a kan takarda sheet ciwon wasu, da kyau-tsare halin yanzu Reviews girma, da kuma auna ga zane frame (A4 size ne 210 zuwa 297 mm, gani. Table 1).

Table 1: Formats.

A4	karami gefen 210 mm	ya fi girma gefe na 297 mm
A3	karami gefen 297 mm	manyan gefen 420 mm
format A2	karami gefen 420 mm	ya fi girma gefe na 594 mm
format A1	karami gefen 594 mm	ya fi girma gefe na 841 mm
format A0	karami gefen 841 mm	ya fi girma gefe na 1189 mm

Ka lura da cewa wani lokacin frame A4 zane a fili ƙuntatãwa wuce kima sarari cewa ya wuce da hoto. A wannan yanayin, dace karami format - A5 size wanda bangarorin 148 da 210 mm.

Kayayyakin misali na rare Formats cewa ayyana ainihin dokoki na zane zane, da aka nuna a Figure 1:

Siffa 1. A rabo Formats

suna Block

Babban lakabin da aka sanya a kan dukkan Figures, tare da togiya daga cikin A4, duka biyu a kan dogon gefen kuma tare da takaice. A4 ta Zagayawar na musamman a kan short gefe, kamar yadda wannan format ne a tsaye.

Bugu da ari Count (ma fãce A4) aka sanya a kan dogon gefen

(Sakawa da take block mun nuna a Figure 2.)

Fig.2. Sakawa da take block

jawo frame yin kayyade ta nesa daga takardar baki: a kan duk daga sãsanninta (sai dai hagu) - 5 mm. Hagu guda nesa daga cikin firam zuwa gefen takardar ne 20 mm. The line, wanda kangon zane frame, ya kamata su daina zama 0.7 mm.

Basic rubuta ake yi bisa ga jihar Standard № 2.104-68, wanda kayyade size, siffar, kuma domin da cika. Halin da cewa shi ne mai muhimmanci kashi na wani nau'i na zane da kuma zane-zane. Kamar yadda wani misali za mu gabatar da babban suna, shawarar don amfani a horar da zane (ga siffa 3).

Figure 3. Babban rubutu, shawarar da ilimi zane

Lambobi a cikin adadi wadannan jadawalai Titleblock alama:

1 - sunan da samfurin.

2 - An denoted a matsayin daftarin aiki.

3 - wani abu zaba domin Manufacturing sassa.

4 - requisites na sha'anin - Index.

Sau da yawa, da zane da aka yi a kan mahara zanen gado. A wannan yanayin, na biyu kuma duk m babban rubutu da aka yi a cikin wasu fiye da na farko form. Ta kama da aka nuna a Figure 4.

Figure 4. The main lakabin ga na biyu da kuma m zanen gado na zane

Jadawalai shi (suna ƙidaya a cikin adadi) suna cika bisa ga sama bayani na wadannan Figures da take block na farko takardar.

A zane-zane da a cikin zane-zane

By definition, zane ne da ake kira Riskar hoto image kayayyakin, inda girma da kuma bayani dalla-dalla. Bayani, wanda ya ƙunshi wani zane, shi ya isa domin yin wani tabbatar da dalilin da ya ce samfurin.

Da ake ji dokoki girma dabi'u zane a masana'antu kayyade Gost № 2.307-68. Wannan shi ne wani fairly m batu a cikin zane zane. Bayan duk, daya ne kawai aka rasa size sa wuya jawo wani blank a unclaimed aiki.

Aras size a cikin Shirin zanen kasu kashi da dama iri. Na farko da kungiyar - da girman da ma'aikata. Wannan shi ne bayanin da aka yi amfani da kai tsaye a samar. Na biyu - da girman da reference (nuna wani alama (*)). Suna amfani a cikin aikin injiniya aiki tare da zane.

Aiwatar da girman da zane ta hanyar girma Lines. A zane-zane da aka amfani da su jawo a yarda da yarda da sikelin. Da darajar da yake a cikin suna - a raba shafi. Ƙayyade manufar sikelin: yana da dangantaka da na ainihi abu size rabo da girman da ta image. Idan zai yiwu, shi ne fin so zuwa hawansa daya zuwa daya, duk da haka, kamar yadda ka sani, don daban-daban masu girma dabam na abubuwa dole ko dai rage ko karuwa. Dace sikelin images ayyana Gost 2.302-68 cm (Dubi. Table 2).

Table 2. The sikelin amfani da Shirin zanen

Da littattafai ga zabi na sikelin ne m amfani da zane.

Lines

Nuna ne daban-daban iri Lines, kowanne daga abin da yana da wani qayyadadden dalili. A amfani da Lines a cikin zane-zane da aka ayyana ta Gost 2.303-68.

M m line shi ne ainihin kewaye ga alama a bayyane nuni abu. A kauri ga shi yana a tsare a cikin kewayon 0.5-1.4 mm da baya zaba darajar denoted da wasika S. Me wannan darajar da aka sanya a matukar m? Gaskiyar cewa za a yi jinsin tare da kauri daga cikin babban nana thicknesses dukkan sauran Lines.

Dashed Lines wakilci shaci ganuwa. Its kauri ne a cikin s / 3-s / 2. A tsawon na bugun jini ne a cikin kewayon 3-8 mm da nisa tsakanin su - 3-4 mm, to wannan tsawon dukan Lines a cikin adadi dole ne daidai yankin, duk da haka, wannan yana zartuwa ga gibba raba su.

Thin m line a bukatar nuni ko tsawo Lines ko size. Its kauri ne guda a matsayin kauri daga cikin dashed Lines: S / 3-s / 2.

m wavy line ne amfani da wurin zama part zane, inda saboda wani babba size da kuma uniform siffar daga wani kuxi, daki-daki gutsure kaddamarda gutsure wannan rata. Its kauri - kamar yadda S / 3 - s / 2.

bakin ciki dashed-cike da gidajen gona line nuna line na fasali - axial da pivot. (An amince da cewa idan wannan layi ya wuce ta tsakiyar daga cikin da'irar, a cikin zuciya na mashaya ya kamata, da kuma ba da nufi.)

jawo taro

Yin wani taro zane yana da halaye. Sau da yawa abu ko inji yana da wani m rikitarwa tsarin hada da dama sassa juna da riveting, waldi, wasu m mahadi. A cikin zane, da waɗanda mahadi 1-3 sassa yin yadda babban taro zane, wanda ya nuna kawai girma daga cikin tushe part. Don wannan mutum a kewaye zane da sauran sassa da su girma nuna.

fasaha takardun almara

Bambancin da m fasaha zane. taro zane - ba kawai kashi na fasaha takardun. Yana kuma ya hada da fasaha da kuma almara. Yana a shiryar da kayan za a iya ƙaddara, daga abin da samfurin da aka kerarre, kazalika don matsahi na saba da hanyoyin da ta taro da kafuwa.

Girma tolerances a cikin zane-zane

The girma notations a cikin zane-zane tare da nuna halatta tolerances lokacin machining cikin workpiece. Irin wannan sabawa iya kaddamarda ko numerals, misali 19 + 0.014, ko da ingancin aji. ( "Qualitea" - in English "quality").

Qualitet (ko mataki na sabawa da cewa za a iya jure) ne matukar matakin daidaito. Irin matakan, akwai kawai 19. A cikin kowanne inganci aji tare da karuwa a cikin mikakke girma na kayayyakin da kansu tolerances aka bayyana a cikin millimeters, an kuma kara. A mafi m imani kvalitet №01, kuma akalla m - №17 (sai 01 ga watan ingancin aji, kuma akwai "sifili", da kuma 1 st.). Qualitet daga maras size aka kaddamarda da wasika H, idan yana da wani m darajar da, daidai da, h, idan yana da wani mummunan darajar. The lambobin wadannan da wasika kawai nuna yawan m ingancin aji. Alal misali, nadi 28H7 ya kamata a karanta kamar: maras size of 28 mm, a haƙuri - + 7.

Yin aiki zane

Aiki zane halin da m yawan sassa na tsinkaya, wanda ya ba da wani ra'ayin da siffar da kuma abubuwa. Safety zane ma daukawa bayanai game da abu da kuma yi, msl, yawanci a kan sikelin da ko dai 1 zuwa 10 ko 1 zuwa 15. Table 3 buga ibãdar irin kayan da.

Table 3. ibãdar

Dokokin rajista na aiki zane dauke da takamaiman ƙungiya shawarwari don en fasaha takardun optimally. Hakika, wani injiniya, yin zane-zane, ya kamata ku yi jihãdi ga (mana, idan zai yiwu) zartar da su a cikin wani uniform format. Akwai hanyoyi da zuƙowa, yana daukan cikin babban rarrabẽwa domin saukaka ji na image daki-daki.

Za a yaba cewa sikelin ba-akai domin sanin girman da samar da zane.

Kisa na aiki zane na manyan abubuwa da ciwon raga tsarin, yana da halaye. Ya ƙunshi iri biyu girma: overall lissafi raga tsarin fasali a wani karami sikelin, kuma kansu raga abubuwa - a kan wani sikelin ya fi girma.

In mun gwada aiki zane curvilinear abubuwa yana da muhimmanci mu saka, ya amsa wannan tambaya: "The girma an wakilta wani marubuci layi?". Domin lankwasa takardar, misali, irin wannan tunani nufi shi ne tsaka tsaki line. Haka kuma, a wannan yanayin da folds ba aka nuna a cikin baka ma'aunai, kuma ta samar da su da wani rectangular triangles cathetus tsawon kayyade a cikin aiki zane.

The aiki zane na kowane bangare da ake sa lamba. Monotonous sassa ana kullum da dangantaka da wannan lambar. Duk da haka, a karshen harka, ya kamata ka yi da hankali, saboda za su iya saduwa da cikakken bayani game da madubi-fasali. Ba za su iya designate daya lambar.

gine-gine da zane-zane

Bisa ga hanya, wanda gwada yi zane Your dokoki (Gost 21.501-93), da babban tsarin da ginin, ta matakai da kuma kara ɗe a gine-gine da zane-zane suna haɗe zuwa tsara gatura. Aikin guda axis fatalwa Lines da ake ƙidaya.

A gefen hagu na zane daure tsaye axis, da kuma a kan daidai - giciye. Lambobin da mai gangara gatura da aka sanya a cikin Larabci numerals, da kuma a tsaye - Rasha haruffa.

Nesa da kuma girma Lines amfani ga girma da gine-gine da zane. Girma kalla sanarwa akan abinda kasa ne amfani da farko girma layi na jawo (zane mulki gine-gine da zane-zane, Gost 21.501-93). Next - hawa. A karshe girma line visualizes da bayani a kan girman da gini tsakanin matsananci axles.

A segments na waje ganuwar girma Lines m wuri na kofofin da windows, iyaka Lines outrigger canja wajen zane a na 3-4 mm.

Domin sauƙi na karanta gine-gine da zane amfani da ciki tsawo Lines. Su nufi - don nuna da nisa daga cikin dari, da kauri daga cikin ganuwar da ganuwar, dakin size.

Benaye nuna a kan gine-gine da zane-zane ta amfani da alamomi (matakan). Suna kullum amfani da wani sashe na facade. Suna nuna kibiyoyi da "gashinsa" a 45 ^0. Domin zeroed yawanci dauki matakin na ƙãre kasa ko rufi daga cikin na farko bene. Kiwon sauran benaye nuna a fakaice na lamba darajar.

Gangara ga gine-gine da zane-zane nuna a fakaice takamaiman "kusurwa" mark nuna zuwa gangaren kanta, da kuma dijital darajar nuna rabo na kafafu a dama alwatika da hypotenuse daga cikin wannan karkata (ga. Siffa 4).

Figure 4. nadi girmamawa a kan gine-gine da zane-zane

A bayyane yake ci dokoki na rajista da gine-gine da zane-zane a cikin wasan kwaikwayon na wani irin zane, da ake kira bene shirin.

Abubuwa na kasa da shirin

bene shirin ne da za'ayi da irin ta yanke a kwance jirgin sama a wata tsawo na daya bisa uku na tsawo daga cikin dakin (kawai sama sill matakin). Yana mutum dakuna suna nuna ta da wani bakin ciki line, kamar mezzanine constructions sanya sama yankan jirgin sama, - da cike da gidajen gona line.

A karkashin wannan Taswirar kasa ake bukata don saka da matakin to wanda shi ne ke da. A bene shirin bambanta tsakanin wadannan asali abubuwa:

- daidaita gatura m zuwa babban tsarin abubuwa.

- ciki da kuma na waje girma.

- alamomi m matakan tsabta da kaka.

- sabon Lines (for gani nuni da taga da kofa takware).

- niƙaƙƙun da shirin gyara.

- sunan gabatarwa, kazalika da su yankin.

ƙarshe

Zana zana harshe ne na musamman na sarari siffofi da kuma nuni images of abubuwa. M bayanai a kan daban-daban iri kayayyakin, godiya ga mãkircin zama jama'a a cikin nau'i na fayil records ba kawai ga wanda kamfanin, amma ga dukan masana'antu na kasashe daban-daban. Kuma daga wannan ra'ayi rawar da jawo a ci gaba da masana'antu ne bayyananne.

Tare da shi generated daidai da yayi na kimiyya da fasahar zamani, da sabon m ideas cewa canza kayan duniya, wanda shi ne a kusa da mu.

Yau, to sami irin wannan misali na bukata zane zane, isa ga load your PC, kuma haɗi zuwa Intanit. Modern kwamfuta-taimaka zane tsarin yarda da rage da ganewar da na ci gaba da kara yawan tasiri na zane da dama, sau, a kwatanta da baya karni. Wannan, bi da bi, rage lokaci don ƙirƙirar sabon kayayyakin, shi na samar da wani babban adadin da ake so image bayanai.