Bel canto - wata dabara na virtuoso tsarkakewa. vocal horo. opera tsarkakewa

Long layi na m phrases, melodic wurare da falala, m murya da kuma cikakkiyar mallaki kyau na virtuoso tsarkakewa. A nuna na XVI-XVII ƙarni akwai singing makaranta, ya ba da duniya da yin vocal dabara a Italiya, inda m to ban dariya sharuddan Italiya ya ba da sunan Bel canto (Bel Canto) - "kyakkyawan tsarkakewa." Kada ku zurfafã, sa alama a farkon wannan lokaci, da heyday na Theatrical maher da wani masomin kara ci gaba da na wasan kwaikwayo na salo.

Asalin da wasan kwaikwayo a Florence

Bayyana a lokacin da zamani ya bayyana farko operas bashi da haihuwa zuwa membobin wani karamin rukuni na magoya na zamanin d art, kafa a Florence da kuma shigar da m tarihi a matsayin "Florentine Camerata." Fans of tsoho Greek bala'i mafarki to rayar da tsohon daukakar Genre da kuma na da ra'ayin cewa da 'yan wasan kwaikwayo ba blab, da kuma waka da kalmomin ta amfani da rubutu-recitative, melodious sauti na mai santsi miƙa mulki.

A farko ayyukan da aka rubuta a cikin labarin na zamanin d Girkanci labari na Orpheus, ya} ashin ga haifi wani sabon m Genre - wasar kwaikwayo ta waka. Amma hidima ta bangare na solo vocal sassa (arias) tilasta mawaƙa tsanani magance horo murya, wanda shi ne dalilin da kyau tsarkakewa art - Bel canto. Wannan yakan haifar da da ikon kisa broaching melodic, niƙaƙƙun gaɓãɓuwa a kan wani dogon numfashi yayin da rike smoothness na sauti cikin wani m magana.

Neapolitan makaranta

A ƙarshen XVII karni kafa Neapolitan opera hadisin cewa karshe an soma a kan mataki art na Bel canto. Yana da aka yi, a ci gaba da shirin Florentines, kuma ta canji. A Naples, da wasa da babban bangaren da karfe music, kuma mai tsarkakewa, kuma ba shayari, wanda ya ba da babbar rawa a wannan lokaci. Wannan} ir} relished da masu sauraro da kuma sa iskar babbar sha'awa.

Neapolitan composers da fasali mai rikidar da wasan kwaikwayo. Ba su yi watsi da amfani da recitatives, wanda ya kasu kashi daban-daban: tare (tare da wani ƙungiyar makaɗa) da kuma bushe, dauke da bayanai kawota a conversational hanya a karkashin rare harpsichord guitar don kiyaye m sautin. Vocal horo, wanda ya zama m domin cin zarafin, ta ƙara shahararsa na solo lambobi, da siffar da ya ma halartar wani canji. Akwai hankula aria, a cikin abin da haruffa bayyana ji kullum, dangane da halin da ake ciki da kuma ba a kan tushen da wani image ko hali. Baƙin ciki, buffoonery, na sirri, m aria na daukar fansa - da ciki na Neapolitan opera cika da rai abun ciki.

Alessandro Scarlatti (1660-1725)

Fice mawaki da kuma goyon baya Scarlatti gangara a tarihi a matsayin wanda ya kafa opera makaranta na Naples. Ya halitta fiye da 60 ayyukansu. Salo tsanani wasar kwaikwayo ta waka (opera seria), halitta da Scarlatti, tare da taimakon mythological ko tarihi labari game da rayuwar shahara haruffa. Opera tsarkakewa rufe ta ban mamaki yi layi da kuma recitatives aka maye gurbinsu da Aryans.

A fadi da kewayon maher a cikin wani tsanani opera fadada bukatun da cewa yana da su bi operatic murya. Artists kammalã ma'adanin na tsarkakewa, ko da yake wani lokacin wannan ya kai ga funny abubuwa - kowane daya daga cikinsu ya so mawaki lalle ne, haƙĩƙa sun hada da wasar kwaikwayo ta waka arias, m nanata abũbuwan amfãni daga murya. A sakamakon haka shi da wani sa na da alaqa da juna solos, saboda abin da ya zama da aka sani da opera seria "concert a kaya".

Beauty da gwaninta

Wani taimako na Neapolitan makaranta na wasar kwaikwayo ta waka a cikin ci gaban da Bel canto ya da amfani a ornamental maher (coloratura) kayan ado m palette. Coloratura arias amfani a karshen da kuma taimaka wa artists don nuna da masu sauraro da har na ikon mallakar murya. Big tsalle, trills, wurare jeri, da yin amfani da jerin (maimaitawa m phrases ko melodic nuna a daban-daban rajista ko sautin) - haka ne kara ma'ana palette amfani da virtuosos na Bel Canto. Wannan ya kai ga cewa mataki na rinjãye na singer sau da yawa kimanta da su wahala executable coloratura.

Italian m al'ada sanya high bukatar. A muryoyin mawaƙa shahara bambanta da da kyakkyawa da richness na sautin. Vocal horo taimaka inganta yi dabara, don cimma smoothness da kuma gogewa da magana daga sauti a duk jeri.

A farko kide

Neman Bel canto kai ga samuwar na farko makarantu a cikin abin da shirya da mawaƙa. Marayu - kide - ya zama na farko music makarantu na na da Italiya. Bel canto m sanar da su kan kwaikwayo, maimaitawa da malami. Wannan bayyana babban matakin da mawaƙa daga cikin lokaci. Bayan duk, suka horar da gane Masters kamar Claudio Monteverdi (1567-1643) da kuma Francesco Cavalli (1602-1676).

Almajirin da aka hada musamman bada wajen samar da murya, kunne horo, wanda da za a maimaita, inganta tsarkakewa dabara da kuma tasowa numfashi - basira wadda masu haka wajibi ne ga Bel canto. Wannan ya kai ga cewa, tun fara horar da a 7-8 shekaru zuwa shekaru 17 na kide ganuwar fita sana'a nunawa ga opera mataki.

Dzhoakino Rossini (1792-1868)

Ya bayyanar Italian Bel canto opera m Trend na ci gaba m al'adu a gaba da karnuka uku. Landmark a cikin ci gaban da aka aikin Italian mawaki George. Rossini. Rhythmic makamashi, kwanyarsa da kalmomin sirri maher nema daga m timbral iri-iri na artists, virtuosity kuma na kwarai mai tsarkakewa makaranta. Ko raspevnosti arias da recitatives a cikin ayyukan Rossini bukaci cikakken sadaukar.

Melodizm Rossini paved hanya gargajiya Bel canto, halin cikawa phrases m da kuma tsabta iska da yardar kaina gudãna m launin waƙa (cantilena) da kuma sensuously dagagge ardor. Abin lura shi ne cewa mawaki san game da art na singing ganin an. A cikin shimfiɗar jariri, ya rera waka a cikin coci mawaka, da kuma a} uruciyarsa, ban da rubuce-rubuce, da farincikin echoed vocal pedagogy kuma ko da rubuta littattafai da dama a kan batun.

pedagogy

Italian opera tsarkakewa, wanda ya zama wata alama ce da Turai m al'adun XVII-XIX ƙarni, ya zo godiya ga aikin da talented malaman-bidi'ane, suka yi karatu tsarkakewa da kuma gudanar da wani gwaji tare da wani mutum murya, zai kawo sauti zuwa kammala. Aka bayyana a cikin aikin hanyoyin da ake amfani da har yanzu a cikin shirye-shiryen da mawaƙa.

Hankalin malamai tsere ba karamar haki. A ƴan koya asirin free kuma sauki tsarkakewa numfashi. Vocal horo zaci wani matsakaici sauti girma, short melodic phrases kuma kunkuntar jinkiri, sa shi yiwuwa a yi amfani da magana numfashi, halin da m da kuma zurfin wahayi bi ta wani jinkirin exhalation. Na bada tsara don motsa jiki uniform sauti hakar a high da kuma low rajista. Ko horar da madubi kunshe a cikin manhaja novice artists - wuce kima fuska da kuma siga gyara man fuska magana ci amanar kãmun aiki na vocal na'ura. An bada shawarar a ci gaba da free, tsaya a mike, kuma ta amfani da murmushi sauti kai a fili da kuma kusa.

New tsarkakewa dabaru

Complex vocal, wasan kwaikwayo da kuma staging wasanni da aka aiwatar a gaban mawaƙa kalubale. Music nuna ciki duniya da haruffa, da kuma murya ya zama wani ɓangare na] aukacin wasan kwaikwayo image. Wannan aka fili ya nuna a cikin operas Yahaya. Yahaya da Rossini. Verdi, wanda aikin alama Yunƙurin na Bel canto style. Gargajiya School aka dauke m amfani da falsetto for high rubutu. Duk da haka, wasan kwaikwayo ya ƙaryata game da irin wannan m - a wani jaruntakar scene na namiji falsetto shiga wani ado dissonance tare da wani tunanin canza launi mataki. Da farko haye dokin wannan murya Faransa Lui Dyupre, wanda ya fara amfani da irin sauti samar, kafa physiological (takaita da maƙogwaro) da kuma karin lafazi (yare a cikin "s-dimbin yawa" matsayi) sunadaran don kariya ta vocal na'ura, da kuma ya baya an cinye "ya ɓadda". An yarda ta samar da babba rabo daga audible kewayon ba tare da sauya sheka zuwa falsetto.

Dzhuzeppe Verdi (1813-1901)

Bita operatic vocal art, ba zai yiwu ba domin kubuta gefe na adadi da kuma m al'adunmu na girma Italian mawaki George. Verdi. Ya sāke da kuma sauya wasar kwaikwayo ta waka, ya gabatar da labarin ya saba da adawar. A farko daga cikin composers dauki wani aiki sashi a cikin elaboration na mãkirci, mataki zane da kuma wasanni. A cikin operas mamaye sabawa rubuce-rubucensu, kuma antithesis, bugãwa motsin zuciyarmu da kuma ya saba, gama jaruntakar da mundane. Irin wannan dabarar shibtarsu sabon bukatun for vocalists.

Mawaki m na coloratura kuma ce cewa trills, alherin bayanin kula da gruppetto ba iya zama dalilin da karin waƙa. A cikin rubuce-rubucen na kusan babu zato kayan ado, sauran kawai a cikin soprano, kuma daga baya gaba daya bace daga opera scores. Men jam'iyyar a koli wuce a cikin babban amfani da riga aka bayyana a baya "rufe up da sauti." Artists baritone jam'iyyun da su sake tsara aikin vocal na'ura na high tessitura (high-tsawo wuri sauti dangi zuwa da tsarkakewa range), shibtarsu da tunani na wani tunanin jihar na haruffa. Wannan ya kai ga zargin wani sabon lokaci - "Verdi baritone". . Creativity Verdi, 26 kyau operas, kafa a cikin wasan kwaikwayo La Scala, alama da abu akan sake haihuwa na Bel canto - art kawo kammala mallaka murya.

duniya yawon shakatawa

Easy kuma m vocal style ba za a iya kiyaye a cikin iyakoki na daya a jihar. A karkashin da fara'a hankali juya mafi Turai. Beautiful tsarkakewa captivated duniya Theatrical mataki da kuma kawo ci gaban music a al'adar Turai. Kafa operatic shugabanci, da ake kira "belkantovoe". Style tura da iyakoki da aikace-aikace da tako a cikin instrumental music.

Virtuoso launin waƙa Chopin (1810-1849) hada Polish jama'a shayari kuma Italian opera Bel canto. Dreamy kuma m heroine operas J. Mach (1842-1912) ta cika belkantovym fara'a. Impact style ya haka mai girma cewa da tasiri a kan music ya gaske m, jere daga classicism zuwa romanticism.

fili al'adu

The kafa na Rasha litattafansu ya zama babban mawaki M. I. Glinka (1804-1857). Ya orchestral rubuce-rubuce - sublimely lyrical kuma a lokaci guda monumental - cika karin waƙa, wanda aka sake nazari da kuma al'adar mutãnen songs, kuma belkantovaya sophistication na Italian arias. Su muhimmi Cantilena ya kama da melodiousness lingering Rasha songs - m da ma'ana. A predominance na music a kan rubutu, vnutrislogovye Chants (singing accentuation na raba syllables), da murya maimata da ita, da samar da slowness tune - duk da wannan a cikin ayyukan M. I. Glinki (da kuma sauran Rasha composers) strikingly daidaituwa sõyayya da hadisai na Italian wasar kwaikwayo ta waka. Fado, bisa ga sukar, cancanci "Rasha Bel canto" title.

A sharhin da na taurari

Brilliant Italian Bel canto zamanin ƙare a cikin 20-ies na XX karni. A soja da kuma juyin juya halin Musulunci upheavals na farko kwata karni sun haye normative jigon da romantic opera na tunani, shi aka maye gurbinsu da neoclassicism kuma rabu da yankunan impressionism, zamani, futurism, da sauransu. Har yanzu shahara operatic murya ba ta gushe ba a yi amfani da Masterpieces na Italian gargajiya tsarkakewa. Art "kyakkyawan tsarkakewa" brilliantly mallakar A. V. Nezhdanova da kuma F. I. Shalyapin. Yarda da juna, master na tsarkakewa da shugabanci ya L. Sobinov, wanda aka mai suna bayan da Bel canto a Rasha. Great Maria Callas (US) da kuma lambar yabo na "murya na karni" title abokan aiki Dzhoan Sazerlend (Australia), a lyric mawaki Luciano Pavarotti (Italy) da kuma yarda da juna, bass Nikolay Gyaurov (Bulgaria) - su art aka dogara ne a kan m kuma na ado Dalili na Italian Bel canto.

ƙarshe

New trends a music sun ba su iya zuwa husufi haske belkantovoy classic Italian wasar kwaikwayo ta waka. Sun aikatawa neman fitar da ragowa kiyaye su a cikin rubuce-rubucen da Masters na da shekaru bayani a kan ta dace numfashi, daukana, sassaka da kuma sauran intricacies na kuri'un da aka kada. Wannan ba wani rago damuwa. Mun samu masu sauraro farka ba ma bukatar ji zamani fassarar da classic ayyukan ƙwarai, kuma kũtsa a cikin wani gagarumin wucin gadi sarari m art na tsarkakewa. Zai yiwu a cikinta ta'allaka wani yunkurin warware asirin Bel canto na sabon abu - yadda za a zamanin ban a kan mace muryoyin kuma fifiko na namiji high littãfi a iya haife tsarkakewa shugabanci, tsira da ƙarni kuma ya juya a cikin wani ma'ana a tsarin, kwanciya kafuwar ga dama ƙarni, da horo na sana'a mawaƙa.