Bhakti a Indiya

Bhakti a matsayin addini motsi wanzu tun zamanin da, amma bi da bi na XIV-XV ƙarni. za ka lura da wani kaifi karuwa a da shahararsa, bayyanar da wani galaxy na talented masu wa'azi, wasu daga cikin sabon fasali a cikin koyarwa. Lalle ne, haƙĩƙa, Islam, masu zumunci musamman, ya ba wasu impetus ga Tarurrukan na zamantakewa da tunani, musamman addini. Amma taka rawar gani, da kuma ci gaban birane, da kara birane, yawan, muhimmanci kara kuzari da samuwar musulmi jihohi, babba Layer na mulkin gargajiya iyayengiji wanda suka mayar da hankali a kan birane rayuwa. City jama'a, sana'a, Kasuwanci, kuma paupers, a fili da ake bukata wani akidar, da warware daga tsananin ibada da kuma Hindu, da kuma addinin Musulunci, da kuma jawabi ga kowane sako na al'ummar jihar. Wannan bukatar sa wasu tashin a cikin birane, zargin da wani yawan musulmi, Hindu ƙungiyã-ƙungiyã, kuma ƙungiyã-ƙungiyã, sõyayya a yaudarar abubuwa na Hindu da kuma addinin Musulunci, wanda sau da yawa ya jagoranci tawaye da manya da mullahs. Wannan bukatar da aka nuna a cikin bayyanar a yankuna daban-daban na Indiya wa'azi na bhakti.

Ramananda (marigayi XIV -. A farkon karni XV) ya yi kira da bukatar simplification na sadaukarwa da kuma weakening na caste dokoki. Ya aikin wa'azi, fara a kudu, sa'an nan kuma ya ci gaba a Varanasi. Ya ba ƙirƙirar manyan makaranta na mabiya, amma daya daga cikin dalibai, wani Musulmi Kabnr (XV c.), Bunƙasa da koyarwa da kuma gudummawar da ta baza. Maimaitawa da yabo da sunan Allah, da kuma wani daga cikin sunayen Kabir - mafi kai tsaye da kuma kadai hanya zuwa san Allah da kuma ci tare da shi. Yarda da dokoki na caste da Hindu da Musulmi rituals ba kome. Continuer na koyarwar Kabnra Nanak (1469-1539) ya koyar a Punjab. Mabiyansa Sikhs (dalibai) sun zangar da al'umma, wanda aka ba kawai su kai (guru), amma su nassosi ( "Adi Granth"), rubuta musamman ƙirƙira ga wannan haruffa (gurmukhn), kuma ko da ta babban birnin kasar (Amritsar).

Sikhism, sanar da cewa Allah ɗaya ne, yana da wani sunan da form. A duniya ne akai gwagwarmaya tsakanin haske da duhu farkon. Wannan gwagwarmaya yana faruwa a cikin mutum rai. Sikhism gane da Hindu ra'ayin karma (azaba da ayyukansu) da kuma Samsara (reincarnation), fãce ya ƙaryata caste tsarin da kuma shelar ba kawai da daidaitakar dukan gaban Allah, amma kuma zaman daidaici a ƙasa. A Sikh da aka umurce su da su gudanar, kasuwanci rai, kula da 'yan uwa da alheri da dukan al'umma, kare su addini farko al'umma har in makamai. Da mulkin demokra] yanayin Sikhism ya karu a lokacin da, bayan ta goma Nanak Guru Gobind (1675- 1708) soke Cibiyar guru mika mulki ga al'umma (Khalsa) kullum sanya wa duk Sikhs suna Singh ( "zaki") da kuma canza dukan al'umma ua yaki gabãtarwar.

Sauran kwatance bhakti ba da wannan girma. A Gujarat, a cikin XV karni. ya san wa'azi Narasimha Mehta, Kashmir - Lalla. A Bengal da Orissa sanar Chaithanya (1486-1535). Ya yi magana game da soyayya da kuma addini a gare Allah, da daidaitakar dukan a gaban shi, ya dauki ga al'umma da dukkan - Hindu da Musulmai, Brahmins da untouchables. A Maharashtra, da makaranta ya ɓullo a bhakti Pandharpur. Don ya zama na waɗansu Dzhianeshvara da Namdev (XIII-XIV ƙarni.), Screen Nath da Tukaram (XV-XVI ƙarni.), Ramdas (XVII karni.). A fannin Mathura daraja dadin Ashram (sufi) Valla- bhachari, wanda ya kasance daga daya daga cikin wadanda suka kafa na shayari in Hindi -Sur Das (XV-XVI ƙarni.). Mabiyin bhakti mai girma mawãƙi da Hindi tulsi Das (1532-1624), to auku a kan harshen na zamanin d waka "Ramayana". A Mithila aikata wani fice mawãƙi Vidyapati Thakur (XV c.), Wanda aka dauke a matsayin classic mithilskoy kuma Bengali wallafe-wallafe. A Rajasthan, shi ya shahara almajiri Kabir, Dadu wa'azi (1544-1603). Founder na shayari radzhastha- gani ba, Krishna poetess Mirabai (XVI karni.). Tare da mun gwada m igiyoyin bhakti wanzu don ƙarin ra'ayin mazan jiya. A karshen da aka wakilta ga ayyukan mawãƙi tulsi Das, ba hamayya da caste matsayi haka shakka, kamar sauran masu wa'azi na bhakti.

Kira na da Hindu da Musulmi bayyana kanta ba kawai a cikin aikin na bhakti kasida. Shi ma a cikin zane-zane - gine, da zanen (dada), music, dance. Big rawa a XIV-XVI ƙarni. a cikin wannan tsari da aka buga ta gwada da kananan sultanates, balle Delhi (jiha Benga- Lai'atu, Jaunpur, Gujarat, Malwa), inda rawar da dan hanya kashi da aka karami fiye da a babban birnin kasar na Arewa India, da kuma inda hukuncin Elite tsaya kusa da saman na 'yan Hindu. A XVI- XVII ƙarni., Lokacin da Mughals, da kuma kotuna da riga padishahs Hindu al'adu ya sami wani karfi wuri.