Carboxylic acid jiki Properties. Salts na carboxylic acid

Kusan dukkan gidajen da vinegar. Kuma mafi yawan mutane san cewa shi ke bisa acetic acid. Amma shi ne daga sinadaran ra'ayi? Abin da kuma gudanar da mahadi a cikin wannan jerin akwai kuma abin da suke su halaye? Ka yi kokarin fahimtar wannan batu da kuma yin nazarin m monobasic carboxylic acid. Musamman ma a cikin gida da aka yi amfani da ba kawai acetic, amma kuma da dama wasu, da kuma kawai Kalam na wadannan acid a general ne m baƙi a cikin kowane gida.

A ajin na carboxylic acid: wani janar Siffar

Daga mahangar kimiyya sunadarai, domin wannan aji na mahadi hada da oxygen kwayoyin da cewa suna da wani musamman ra'ayoyi na atoms - a carboxyl aikin kungiyar. Yana yana da siffar -COOH. Saboda haka, janar dabara wanda da duk iyaka monobasic carboxylic acid, shi ne kamar haka: R-COOH, a cikinsa R - shi ne mai barbashi m, wanda zai iya hada wani yawan carbon atoms.

A cewar wannan, da definition wannan aji na mahadi za a iya ba da cewa. Carboxylic acid - An oxygenated kwayoyin kwayoyin da suka hada da daya ko fiye aikin kungiyoyin -COOH - carboxyl kungiyoyin.

Cewa wadannan abubuwa ne daidai to acid, ya bayyana da motsi na da hydrogen zarra a cikin carboxyl. A electron yawa da aka unevenly rarraba, tun da oxygen - mafi electronegative kungiyar. Daga wannan dangantaka da O-H karfi polarized da hydrogen zama musamman m. Yana za a iya sauƙi raba kashe, shiga cikin sinadaran halayen. Saboda haka acid daidai Manuniya ba a kama dauki:

• phenolphthalein - colorless.
• litmus - ja.
• duniya - ja.
• da methyl - ja da sauransu.

Saboda da hydrogen zarra, carboxylic acid nuna oxidizing Properties. Duk da haka, da gaban sauran sunadaran damar da su zuwa warke kuma shiga a dama sauran interactions.

rarrabuwa

Akwai da dama babban halaye, wanda ya kasu kashi kungiyoyin na carboxylic acid. Na farkon su - yanayi ne na m. A cewar wannan factor bambanta:

• Alicyclic acid. Misali: quinic.
• Aromatic. Misali: benzoic.
• Aliphatic. Misali: acetic acid, acrylic acid, oxalic acid, da sauransu.
• Heterocyclic. Misali: nicotine.

Idan muka magana game da links a cikin DNA, da kungiyoyin biyu na acid za a iya gano:

• iyaka - duk dangantaka kawai, guda;
• unsaturated - a gaban biyu, guda ko mahara.

Haka ma wata ãyã daga rarrabuwa iya zama a matsayin aikin kungiyoyin. Saboda haka, akwai da wadannan Categories.

1. Monobasic - daya kawai -COOH kungiyar. Misali: formic, stearic, butyric, valeric, da sauransu.
2. Dibasic - da bi, biyu COOH kungiyoyin. Misali: oxalic acid, malonic acid, da sauransu.
3. Multibasic - citric, lactic, da sauransu.

Daga baya a wannan labarin, za mu kawai iyakance monobasic carboxylic acid, aliphatic.

Tarihi na samu

Winery thrived da zamanin da. Kamar yadda aka sani, daya daga cikin kayayyakin - acetic acid. Saboda haka da tarihi na daraja na wannan aji na mahadi yana da nasa tushen daga lokacin Robert Boyle da Ioganna Glaubera. Duk da haka, shi ya kasance ba zai yiwu a sami fita na dogon lokaci tare da sinadaran halitta daga wadannan sunadaran kwayoyin.

Na dogon lokaci mamaye vitalists ra'ayoyi, da suka ƙaryata game da yiwuwar samuwar kwayoyin ba tare da abubuwa masu rai. Amma a 1670 AD Ray gudanar a samu da sosai farko wakilin - methane ko formic acid. Ya yi wannan ta dumama da flask a cikin rai tururuwa.

Daga baya aiki na masana kimiyya da kuma Kolbe Berzelius nuna yiwuwar rairaya wadannan mahadi daga inorganic abubuwa (barasan gawayi). A sakamakon acetic acid da aka samu. Kamar wancan ne da carboxylic acid da aka yi karatu (jiki Properties, tsari) da kuma farkon bude dukkan sauran mambobi ne na jerin aliphatic mahadi.

jiki Properties

Yau, wani cikakken binciken duk da wakilainsu. Ga kowane daga cikin wadannan halaye za a iya samu a duk sigogi, ciki har da yin amfani da masana'antu da kuma kasancewa cikin yanayi. Za mu bincika abin da ya ƙunshi na carboxylic acid, da jiki Properties na sauran sigogi.

Saboda haka, akwai da dama na asali halayyar sigogi.

1. Idan yawan carbon atoms a cikin sarkar bai wuce biyar, shi abruptly ƙanshi, m da kuma maras tabbas ruwa. Sama da biyar - nauyi, m abubuwa, mafi - wuya, waxy.
2. Da yawa daga cikin na farko guda biyu mambobi ne mafi girma daga daya. All sauran wuta fiye ruwa.
3. Tafasar batu: mafi girma da sarkar, da hakan da ci. A mafi branched tsarin, don haka a kasa.
4. Narkewa batu: dogara da parity na yawan carbon atoms a cikin sarkar. Y ne ma mafi girma a m kasa.
5. A ruwa, shi dissolves sosai.
6. Shin iya kafa karfi hydrogen shaidu.

Wadannan siffofin da ake bayyana daga tsarin fasali, ya kuma inganta raga tsarin, da ƙarfi. A mafi sauki da kuma ginannun DNA, da sama Manuniya cewa ba a carboxylic acid. Jiki Properties na wadannan mahadi damar domin ayyana da filin da su hanyoyin da amfani a masana'antu.

sinadaran Properties

Kamar yadda muka sanya sama, acid data iya nuna daban-daban Properties. Su halayen suna da muhimmanci ga masana'antu kira na da yawa mahadi. Nuna a fakaice mafi muhimmanci sinadaran Properties wanda zai iya zama monobasic carboxylic acid.

1. ^{Dissociation: R-COOH = RCOO - +} H +.
   
2. Farfado acidic Properties, Ina nufin interacts da asali oxides da su hydroxides. Tare da sauki karafa ya mayar da martani ta hanyar da misali hanya (Ina nufin, kawai wadanda da suke zuwa hydrogen a electrochemical jerin).
3. Tare da mafi karfi acid (inorganic) behaves matsayin tushe.
4. M rage ga primary barasa.
5. Special dauki - esterification. Wannan hulda da alcohols ta samar da hadaddun samfurin - ester.
6. decarboxylation dauki, watau da kawar da fili carbon dioxide kwayoyin.
7. Iya maida martani tare da halides na abubuwa kamar phosphorus da sulfur.

Babu shakka, kamar yadda multifaceted carboxylic acid. Jiki Properties, kazalika da sinadaran, suna quite bambancin. Bugu da kari, ya kamata a ce cewa a general da ƙarfi kamar acid, duk kwayoyin kwayoyin ne wajen raunana idan aka kwatanta da su inorganic takwarorinsu. Su dissociation constants kada ku ƙẽtare darajar 4.8.

Hanyar ga shirye-shiryen

Akwai da dama na asali hanyoyi da za a iya samu m carboxylic acid.

1. A cikin dakin gwaje-gwaje shi ne yake aikata ta hadawan abu da iskar shaka:

• alcohols.
• aldehydes.
• alkyne.
• Lab.
• Halakar alkenes.

2. hydrolysis:

• esters.
• nitrites.
• amides.
• trigalogenalkanov.

3. Decarboxylation - kawar da CO ₂ kwayoyin.

4. A cikin masana'antu kira ne da za'ayi da hadawan abu da iskar shaka na hydrocarbons da mafi carbon atoms a cikin sarkar. A tsari ne da za'ayi a dama, saukarwa don ya haifar da wani jam'i na byproducts.

5. Wasu takamaiman acid (formic, acetic, butyric, valeric, da dai sauransu) ta shirya musamman hanyoyin yin amfani da halitta sinadaran.

Basic fili iyaka carboxylic acid: salts

Salts na carboxylic acid - muhimmanci mahadi amfani a cikin masana'antar. Sun haifar daga hulda da karshen tare da:

• karafa.
• asali oxides.
• amphoteric oxides .
• alkalis.
• amphoteric hydroxides.

Musamman muhimmanci daga cikinsu akwai waɗanda wanda aka kafa tsakanin Alkali karafa sodium da kuma potassium da mafi girma da iyaka acid - palmitic, stearic. Bayan duk kayayyakin da wannan hulda - sabulu, ruwa da kuma m.

sabulu

Saboda haka, a cikin hali na irin wannan dauki: 2C ₁₇ H ₃₅ -COOH + 2Na = 2C ₁₇ H ₃₅ COONa + H _2,

sakamakon samfurin - sodium stearate - shi ne ta hanyar halitta da wata al'ada sabulu amfani don wanka tufafi.

Idan palmitic acid da aka maye gurbinsu, da potassium karfe a zai juya potassium palmitate - sabulu don wanka hannuwa. Saboda haka, za mu iya amincewa da cewa da salts na carboxylic acid - wannan shi ne ainihin muhimmanci mahadi kwayoyin halitta. Su Manufacturing da kuma amfani da wani imbin a sikelin. Idan ka kwatanta nawa sabulu ciyarwa kowane mutum a duniya, shi ne mai sauki su yi tunanin da wadannan ma'aunan.

Esters na carboxylic acid

A musamman kungiyar na mahadi, wanda yana da nasa wuri a cikin lakabtawa hanyoyin gudanar da mahadi. Wannan aji na esters. Suna kafa ta dauki na carboxylic acid tare da alcohols. Title na irin interactions - da esterification dauki. Janar view za a iya wakilta lissafi:

^{R, -COOH + R "-OH =} R, -COOR" + H ₂ O.

Samfurin da biyu radicals ne ester. Babu shakka, a sakamakon dauki wani carboxylic acid, barasa, ester da ruwa sun halartar gagarumin canje-canje. Saboda haka, hydrogen daga ganyen acid kwayoyin a cikin wani nau'i na cation kuma ya gana da hydroxy kungiyar daga wani barasa ana raba kashe. A sakamakon haka, da ruwa kwayoyin da aka kafa. Ra'ayoyi sauran a kan acid m daukan kan daga barasa kafa da ester kwayoyin.

Abin da yake haka muhimmanci wadannan halayen da kuma abin da kasuwanci darajar da kayayyakin? The abu ne cewa, esters ake amfani da:

• sinadirai masu kari.
• dadin dandano;
• kumshin bangaren na turare.
• kaushi.
• bangaren varnishes, Paints, robobi.
• magunguna da sauransu.

A fili yake cewa filin na amfani ne m isa su baratar da samarwa a masana'antu.

Ethanoic acid (acetic)

Wannan iyaka monocarboxylic aliphatic acid, wanda shi ne daya daga cikin rare cikin sharuddan samar a dukan duniya. Its dabara - CH ₃ COOH. Irin wannan ruwan dare yana binta bashin da kaddarorin. Bayan duk, saura na amfani ne sosai m.

1. Yana da wani abinci ƙari karkashin E-260 code.
2. Ana amfani da a masana'antun sarrafa kayayyakin abinci ga tsare.
3. Ana amfani da magani ga kira na medicaments.
4. Bangaren a shiri na odoriferous mahadi.
5. Da sauran ƙarfi.
6. Takara a aiwatar da bugu, rini yadudduka.
7. A dole aka gyara a sinadaran syntheses halayen jam'i na abubuwa.

A wani rai daga ta 80-kashi bayani kira acetic ainihi, kuma idan tsarma shi zuwa kashi 15%, ka samu kawai vinegar. Net 100% glacial acetic acid da aka kira.

formic acid

A farko da sauki wakilin wannan aji. Formula - HCOOH. Har ila yau, wani abinci ƙari karkashin E-236 code. Its halitta kafofin:

• tururuwa da ƙudan zuma.
• nettles.
• needles.
• 'ya'yan.

Babban yankunan amfani:

• da adana da kuma shirye-shiryen da abincin dabbobi.
• Ana amfani da iko da parasites.
• domin dyeing yadudduka etchant sassa.
• a matsayin sauran ƙarfi.
• Bleach.
• a magani - domin disinfection na kida da kayan aiki;
• don samar da carbon monoxide a cikin dakin gwaje-gwaje.

Har ila yau, a tiyata da wannan acid bayani da ake amfani da magunguna iri iri.