Charophytes: description, tsarin, haifuwa da kuma aiki

Yanayin kasa, da kuma manyan, to a qananan har ya dogara ne a kan ciyayi m ƙananan kungiyoyin. Kagaggun tabbatacce tasiri a kan shi da wasu 'yan daga cikin manya aji. Akwai ware daga cikin tsiren ruwan teku. Wadannan sun hada da sashen charophytes, wanda ya wanzu tun lokacin da. Wani abu shi ne cewa a yau wannan rukuni na jinsin aka wakilta ba kamar yadda tartsatsi kamar yadda wasu wakilan mulkin. Af, wannan category na algae kira harofitami.

Janar bayani game da kungiyar Charales

Externally, da algae ne m sashe shuke-shuke da yawa bambance-bambance daga sauran 'yan mulkin. Idan ka je surface da tsarin bincike na wannan kungiya, yana yiwuwa ya dame su da babba azuzuwan da ciyayi. Wannan shi ne saboda gaskiyar cewa ƙananan Hara hada siffofin na algae kuma mafi girma shuke-shuke, wanda aka bayyana a cikin ayyuka. Yana da muhimmanci a lura cewa akwai daban-daban na wannan kungiyar, sõyayya a irin. Don kwanan wata, da wadannan misalai charophytes tsaya fitar: .. Hara Aspera, Nitella Fleksilis, Nitella Sinkarpa da dai sauransu Wasu jinsunan ayan rayuwa kusa da gawarwakin na ruwa, yayin da wasu ne a cikin bays, ruwan zartsi m tabkuna. Mafi sau da yawa Stoneworts girma tsararru na dama wakilan maimakon daya bayan daya. Saboda haka, sai suka samar da bushes, rufe manyan yankunan da tafki kasa.

shuka systematics

Na dogon lokaci masana kimiyya ba daidai sanin abin din kungiyar na tsire-tsire ne charophytes a cikin babban aiki. Gaskiyar cewa gaban chlorophyll a cikin sel kungiyoyin A da B ba dalilin sanya shuka da wakilan Chlorophyta sashen. A cikin ni'imar da wannan rarrabuwa nuna gaban sitaci da wani enzyme a matsayin kayayyakin. A cewar wasu karatu, da algae an hada a Charophyta sashen. Dalili na irin wadannan maganganu aiki a matsayin wani wuri reshe na shuka a kan kore algae. Akwai kuma wani view cewa kungiyar za a iya daukarsa a matsayin tsaka-tsaki daga mosses zuwa kore algae. Modern guda sakamakon biochemical, kwayoyin da ultrastructural na nazarin sanin yadda Stoneworts wakilan Streptophyta sashen. A cikin wannan rukunin sun hada da zignematalnye shuke-shuke.

Babban irin

Don fara, ya kamata a lura da cewa akwai uku na asali iri wadannan shuke-shuke. Wannan kai tsaye Hara da Nitella da Tolipella. Wakilai na farko irin halin da cosmopolitan rarraba da kuma fi son m tafkunan. Su halitta mazauninsu - zurfin 1-1.5 m Yana da muhimmanci cewa ruwa ne mai tsabta, ba a cike da laka .. A wasu fannoni na wannan irin za a iya kira mafi unpretentious - misali, shuke-shuke iya rayuwa a cikin ruwan zartsi, kuma ruwa tare yanayin. Duk da haka, da gurbatacen ruwa don su ba da kyau. Amma ga irin Nitella, ta wakilai ne mafi yiwuwa ga sabo da ruwa, kuma an ma samu a cikin tafkunan da yashi kasa. Idan charophytes farko irin ba na son substrates, wannan irin readily ya yarda da wannan unguwa - kamar silt, niƙaƙƙun gaɓãɓuwa. Tolipella kuma kula da datti, haka readily karbe a kan m ƙasa, kuma zai fi dacewa a cikin wani karamin zurfin.

habitats

A Rasha, wannan rukuni na algae rayuwa a cikin West Siberian Bayyana kuma Altai. Tun tsakiyar karni na sha tara, masana kimiyya a kai a kai samu sabon alƙarya da kuma wuraren da asali algae. Abin lura shi ne cewa a cikin wani yanayi Stoneworts iya samun abũbuwan amfãni a kan ko da wakilai daga sama shuke-shuke. Ga misali, an lura a cikin ephemeral kuma shayar daga sassan na kududdufai. Don kwanan wata, a kudu na West Siberian Bayyana samu 17 jinsunan Chara, da kuma 4 Nitella jinsunan. Akwai kuma ƙasa da na kowa jinsunan da kuma iya zama m amfani domin cin gaban su a kan sauran ciyayi. A wannan yanayin, tafkunan da swampy ƙasa ba iyakance charophytes. Mambobin halittar na Nitella, misali, an samu kawai a cikin kwari na manyan koguna da gandun daji matakan. Kuma wannan duk da cewa a dukan iri-iri na Charales shuke-shuke a cikin irin wannan wurare da yawa ƙananan idan aka kwatanta da wannan tafkunan.

tsarin

A Charales daya daga cikin mafi sifofi na thallus cewa a wasu hanya da kuma haifar da su kama da hakan shuke-shuke. Jikinsu yana bambanta a cikin interstices kuma high-sa aka gyara, wanda aka located in whorls na rassan. A cikin ruwan zartsi, kuma ruwa tare tabkuna, suna a haɗe zuwa ga ƙasa ta rhizoids. Kamar yadda na kamance da mafi girma ciyayi, a cikin wannan mahallin, Ambaton iya sanya hornwort da horsetail. Thallus tsawo ya kai wani talakawan na 30 cm, ko akwai lokutta har zuwa 120 cm. A kaikaice rassan ne mai iyaka, don haka da shuka colonizes kasa ba sosai m. Amma wannan ba duk siffofin da suke da charophytes. A tsarin ne halin gaban dogon internodes Kwayoyin zama overgrown haushi daga sauran kunkuntar da kuma kananan Kwayoyin. Abin lura shi ne cewa harsashi na obyzvestlennaya Kwayoyin.

algae haifuwa

Stoneworts rukuni na shuke-shuke hali na jima'i da kuma vegetative yaduwa. Vegetative Hanyar aiwatar amfani nodule located a kan rhizoids. Bugu da kari, wannan aiki da aka tsara star-dimbin yawa cell jari, located a kan ƙananan kara nodules. Sun haihu zuwa wani sabon thallium. Higher ci gaba, a cikin rãyuwar kai shuka jima'i gabobin wakilta oogonia da antheridium. Wannan kwayar tsarin cewa sau da yawa ci gaba a kan wannan shuka. Duk da haka, da aka fi sani da kuma iri guda ba charophytes, amma su rarraba ba haka ba ne mai girma. Saboda da unpretentiousness zuwa mazauninsu yanayi Hara kawai 'yan shekaru iya rufe wata babbar yankin, forming a ci gaba da thickets.

haihuwa gabobin

Antheridium yayi kama da ball, wanda diamita iya zama 0.5 mm. Da farko, yana da wani greenish ya dafa, amma a aiwatar da rai canza shi zuwa ja, ko orange. Shi ne a kan unicellular short kara tsarin da ya ƙunshi 8 lebur Kwayoyin a hankali tuntube juna tare da serrated gefuna. Daga tsakiyar ɓangare na kowane panel-Kwayoyin directed antheridium asali cylindrical rike, da kawo karshen a wani madauwari kai a kan wanda dama Kwayoyin suna shirya tare da wani karami sulusi da murabba'i. Kowane daga cikinsu yana da 'yan xari Kwayoyin tare da spermatogenic zaren. A nuna, kowane daga cikin sabuwar kafa Kwayoyin kuma Halicci anterozoid. Game da oogonia, shi yana da fairly manyan size, idan aka kwatanta da antheridium. Crustal Kwayoyin kewaye da shi da kuma samar da wani irin karkace kambi. A wannan jiki charophytes dauke daya manyan kwai. Maniyyi Kwayoyin kambi kara da aka ci da gumi a cikin oogonia. Bugu da ari karyogamy faruwa ne ta samuwar wani zygote.

Ayyuka Charales shuke-shuke

A biosystem darajar rayuwa da wadannan algae ne ba da muhimmanci, ko da yake masana sun ce wasu tasiri a kan hydrological bango da kuma nazarin halittu ingancin ruwa jikuna a cikin abin da suka zauna. A musamman, da mai ruwa-ruwa yanayin zama barga, kuma shi ma yana da samuwar musamman biocenosis. shuka fronds a cikin ci gaban tsarin dauka a kan wani babban yawan epiphytes. Wannan microscopic kwayoyin da algae, wanda ya zama abincinku kwaro. Bugu da kari, m charophytes iya aiki a wasu hanya mai Haven ga kananan kifi, wanda ake samu a cikin undergrowth site kariya daga yara. A tafkunan da m ciyayi irin wannan ci gaban ya auku fiye da kananan sauro larvae. Wannan shi ne saboda ba kawai don kariya, amma kuma zuwa mataki na musamman maganin rigakafi da cewa samar da shuke-shuke. A lokaci guda, da algae iya zama abincin tsuntsaye. An lura a lokacin kaka kaisu a kan ruwa kududdufai. Waterfowl mafi yawa amfani da zygote oospores, wanda a wannan lokacin ana cike da kitsen droplets.

Aikace-aikace a tattalin arziki da kuma Science

Character amfani a tsire-tsire na rayuwar mutum ne m da abubuwa kunshe cikinta. Alal misali, gaban lemun tsami yi algae m don amfani a matsayin taki. A musamman, charophytes Charophyta sashen ne amfani daga ra'ayi na samar da nauyi ƙasa yadudduka. Ko ba tare da kara lura da na halitta taru na sediments Charales samar da wata curative laka. A cikin 'yan shekaru, sha'awa cikin wannan rukuni na shuke-shuke nuna masana a fagen biophysical bincike. Manyan Kwayoyin, forming interstices, da damar da zurfi nazarin cytoplasmic membrane domin su permeability.

ƙarshe

Stoneworts hankali rasa da matsayi a cikin shuka matsayi. Duk da juriya da wasu jinsunan algae bayanai zuwa waje tsoma, da yaduwar samu a hydrological albarkatun har yanzu da ya hana aiwatar da su ci gaba. Har ila yau kada ka manta da cewa charophytes - wani rukuni na ƙananan algae, wanda shi ne tsaka-tsakin mahada tsakanin daban-daban sassan. Kuma ko da yake masana kimiyya a yau amincewa systematize wannan kungiya, da yawa daga cikin alamun da wakilan nuna cewa juyin halitta canje-canje a cikin wannan thallus. A daya hannun, masana gane cewa, a kwatanta da burbushin, ta zamani, Stoneworts ba daban-daban kamar arziki bambancin.