Chemical Properties na sulfur. Halaye na sulfur da kuma tafasar batu

Sulfur ne wani kashi, wanda yake a cikin shida kungiyar na lokaci-lokaci tebur da na uku lokacin. A cikin wannan labarin, za mu tattauna ta sinadaran da jiki Properties, da tattara, amfani da kuma sauransu. A zahiri halayyar hada da irin wannan fasali kamar launi, mataki na lantarki watsin, sulfur da kuma ruwan zafin jiki t. Q. Chemical daya bayyana ta hulda da sauran abubuwa.

daga ra'ayi na kimiyyar lissafi Sulfur

Yana da wani m al'amarin. Karkashin al'ada yanayi, shi ne a wani m jihar. Sulfur yana da wani lemun tsami-rawaya launi. Kuma ga mafi part duk da mahadi da rawaya tabarau. The ruwa ba ya narke. Yana yana low thermal da lantarki watsin. Wadannan siffofin fahince shi a matsayin wani hali maras karfe. Duk da cewa da sinadaran abun da ke ciki na sulfur ba wuya, da abu zai iya samun dama bambancin. All dogara a kan crystal raga tsarin, wanda suna da alaka via sunadaran, kwayoyin, ba su dokoki ne.

Saboda haka, da farko wani zaɓi - rhombic sulfur. Shi ne mafi barga. Wannan irin sulfur tafasar zafin jiki na ɗari huɗu da arba'in da biyar digiri Celsius. Amma domin ga abu shige cikin gaseous jihar, shi ne na farko dole ya wuce da ruwa. Saboda haka, dab da sulfur faruwa a zazzabi wanda shi ne ɗari da goma sha uku digiri Celsius.

Biyu rungumi - monoclinic sulfur. Shi ne da allura-dimbin yawa lu'ulu'u da duhu rawaya launi. Narkewa na farko da irin sulfur, sa'an nan ta jinkirin sanyaya take kaiwa ga samuwar irin wannan. Wannan nau'in na da kusan guda jiki halaye. Alal misali, tafasar batu na sulfur na da irin wannan - dukkan guda ɗari huɗu da arba'in da biyar digiri. Bugu da kari, akwai irin wannan iri-iri na abubuwa irin roba. An samu ta hanyar zuba a cikin ruwan sanyi, mai tsanani zuwa kusa da tafasar rhombic. Tafasar batu na sulfur na nau'i ne guda. Amma da abu yana da dukiya su shimfiɗa kamar roba.

Wani bangaren na jiki halaye na wanda ina so in ce - sulfur ƙonewa zazzabi. Wannan adadi na iya bambanta dangane da irin kayan da ta asalin. Alal misali, fasaha sulfur ƙonewa zafin jiki ya yi shekara ɗari casa'in digiri. Wannan shi ne wani fairly low adadi. A wasu lokuta, da flash batu na sulfur iya zama da ɗari biyu da arba'in da takwas da darajõji, kuma ko da ɗari biyu da hamsin da shida ne. A duk ya dogara a kan ko an mined, wanda yana da yawa daga wani abu. Amma yana yiwuwa ya kammala da cewa, sulfur konewa zafin jiki ne isasshe low, idan aka kwatanta da sauran sinadaran abubuwa, shi ne flammable. Bugu da ƙari kuma, sulfur iya, wani lokacin za a hade a kwayoyin kunshi takwas, shida, hudu ko biyu kwayoyin halitta. Yanzu dauke sulfur daga ra'ayi na kimiyyar lissafi, matsa zuwa na gaba sashe.

Chemical faye hali na sulfur

A kashi na da in mun gwada low atomic nauyi, shi ne daidaita talatin da biyu grams da mole. kashi sulfur siffofin hada da wani siffa daga cikin abu a matsayin ikon da sãɓãwar launukansa digiri na hadawan abu da iskar shaka. Wannan ya bambanta daga, misali, hydrogen ko oxygen. Idan akai la'akari da tambaya game da abin da sinadaran halaye na kashi sulfur, ba shi yiwuwa ba a ambaci cewa ya, dangane da yanayi, ya nuna yadda dawo da oxidizing Properties. Saboda haka, domin bincika hulda da abu da daban-daban sinadaran mahadi.

Sulfur da kuma sauki abubuwa

Simple, sũ ne waɗanda cewa an hada da daya kadai kashi. Its atoms ƙila a haɗe a cikin DNA, irin su, misali, a cikin hali na oxygen, ko ba za a haɗa, kamar yadda shi ne yanayin da karfe. Saboda haka, sulfur iya amsa tare da karafa, da wasu wadanda ba karafa da kuma halogens.

Hulda da karafa

Don aiwatar da irin wannan tsari na bukatar high zazzabi. A karkashin irin wannan yanayi, akwai wani Bugu da kari dauki. Wancan ne, da karfe kwayoyin halitta suna a hade tare da sulfur kwayoyin halitta ta samar da wani hadadden abu da sulfides. Alal misali, idan biyu moles na potassium zafi, hadawa da su da wanda mole na sulfur samu daya mole na karfe sulfide. A lissafi za a iya rubuta kamar haka: 2k + S = K ₂ S.

Reaction tare da oxygen

An kona sulfur. Saboda ta oxide da aka kafa a cikin wannan tsari. A karshen iya zama na biyu iri daban-daban. Saboda haka, sulfur kona iya dauka wuri a matakai biyu. Origin - a lokacin da daya mole na sulfur da daya mole na oxygen da mole na kafa Sulfur dioxide. Record wannan sinadaran dauki lissafi kamar haka: S + O ₂ = SO _2. Mataki na biyu - da shiga wani dioxide da oxygen kwayoyin halitta. Wannan na faruwa idan ya kara zuwa biyu moles na sulfur dioxide da mole na oxygen a karkashin high zazzabi yanayi. A sakamakon haka ne biyu moles Sulfur trioxide. A lissafi na wannan sinadaran hulda ne kamar haka: 2SO ₂ + O ₂ = 2SO _3. A sakamakon irin wannan dauki samar sulfuric acid. Saboda haka, tun da za'ayi biyu-aka bayyana tsari za a iya yin tsalle trioxide samu ta hanyar da jet na tururi. Kuma mun samu wani sulphate acid. A lissafi na irin wannan dauki da aka rubuta kamar haka: SO ₃ + H ₂ Ya = H ₂ SO _4.

Hulda da halogens

Chemical Properties na sulfur, kazalika da sauran wadanda ba karafa, ya yale shi ya amsa ga wannan rukuni na abubuwa. Yana hada mahadi kamar fluoro, bromo, chloro, iodo. Sulfur reacts tare da wani daga gare su ba, fãce da karshe. A matsayin misali, muna la'akari da fluorination tsari na lokaci-lokaci tebur kashi. Tare da Warming na ce ba ƙarfe zuwa halogen fluoride iya samu biyu bambancin. Farko idan: idan daya daukan daya mole na Sulfur da uku moles na sunadarin flourine da mole na fluoride samu wanda dabara ne SF _6. A lissafi ne kamar haka: S + 3F ₂ = SF _6. Bugu da ƙari, akwai wani zabi na biyu: idan daya daukan daya mole na sulfur da biyu moles na sunadarin flourine da mole samu fluoride tare da sinadaran dabara SF _4. A lissafi aka rubuta kamar haka: S + 2F ₂ = SF _4. Kamar yadda ka gani, duk ya dogara da rabbai a cikin abin da aka gyara an gauraye. A wannan hanyar za ka iya rike da sulfur chlorination tsari (kuma iya samar da biyu daban-daban abubuwa) ko bromination.

Hulda da sauran sauki abubuwa

A wannan halayyar sulfur kashi ƙare. The abu iya chemically amsa tare da hydrogenous, phosphorus da carbon. Saboda hulda da hydrogen sulfide kafa acid. A sakamakon ta dauki tare da karafa iya samun su sulfides, wanda bi da bi, kuma shirya kai tsaye ta maida martani sulfur da wannan ƙarfe. Accession atoms zuwa sunadaran hydrogen Sulfur ya auku ne kawai a very high zazzabi. A dauki na sulfur da phosphorus da aka kafa shi phosphide. Yana yana da dabara: P ₂ S _3. Don samun daya mole na abu, wajibi ne a dauki biyu da uku moles na phosphorus moles Sulfur. Lokacin da sulfur da aka mayar da martani tare da carbon siffofin carbides dauke nonmetal. Its sinadaran dabara ne kamar haka: CS _2. Don samun daya mole na abu, wajibi ne a dauki daya mole na carbon da biyu moles na sulfur. All sama-aka bayyana a Bugu da kari dauki kawai faruwa a karkashin yanayin dumama reactants zuwa high yanayin zafi. Mun yi nazarin hulda da sulfur da sauki abubuwa, yanzu matsa zuwa na gaba abu.

Sulfur da hadaddun mahadi

Complex, sũ ne waɗanda abubuwa wanda kwayoyin kunshi biyu (ko fiye) daban-daban abubuwa. Chemical Properties na sulfur da damar da shi zuwa ga amsa tare da mahadi kamar Alkali kuma da mayar da hankali sulfate acid. Yana da quite peculiar halayen ga wadannan abubuwa. Da farko, la'akari da abin da ya faru a lokacin da gauraye da Alkali a karkashin shawara nonmetal. Alal misali, idan muka dauki shida moles na potassium hydroxide da kuma kara cikinta uku moles na sulfur, sulfide samu biyu moles na potassium da mole daga karfe sulphite da uku moles na ruwa. Za a iya bayyana ta da irin wannan dauki da wadannan lissafi: 6KON + 3S = 2k ₂ S + K2SO ₃ + 3H ₂ O. A wannan manufa hulda faruwa ta ƙara sodium hydroxide. Next, la'akari da hali na sulfur ta Bugu da kari, a nan na mayar da hankali sulfate acid bayani. Idan muka dauki daya mole na farko da na biyu biyu moles na abu, mun samu wadannan kayayyakin: sulfur trioxide a wani adadin na uku moles, da kuma ruwa - biyu moles. Wannan sunadarai dauki za a iya gane kawai ta gasa da reactants zuwa high zazzabi.

Samun dauke nonmetal

Akwai hanyoyi da dama da wanda za ka iya samun daga da dama sulfur mahadi. Na farko hanya - da kasafi na ta pyrite. Chemical karshe dabara - FeS _2. Bayan dumama abu zuwa wani high zafin jiki ba tare da wani damar da oxygen a cikinta iya samun sauran baƙin ƙarfe sulfide - FeS - da kuma sulfur. A dauki lissafi aka rubuta kamar haka: FeS ₂ = FeS + S. Na biyu Hanyar samar da sulfur, wanda aka sau da yawa amfani a masana'antu, - wani konewa sulfide sulfur, bayar da kananan adadin oxygen. A wannan yanayin, shawara iya shirya nonmetal da ruwa. Domin da dauki, akwai buƙatar ka kai da aka gyara a wani matauni rabo na biyu da daya. A sakamakon haka, karshe samfurin a cikin rabbai biyu don biyu. A lissafi da sinadaran dauki za a iya rubuta kamar haka: 2h ₂ S + O ₂ = 2s + 2h ₂ O. Bugu da kari, da sulfur za a iya shirya da daban-daban metallurgical matakai, misali, a samar da karafa kamar nickel, jan da sauransu.

Yi amfani da masana'antu

Its widest aikace-aikace mu duba yiwuwar ba da karfe samu a cikin sinadaran masana'antu. Kamar yadda aka ambata a sama, a nan aka yi amfani da su cire acid sulphate. Bugu da ƙari, sulfur da ake amfani da matsayin bangaren ga yi na ashana, saboda abu ne flammable. Kuma shi ne ba makawa a yi na bama-bamai, gunpowder, Bengal hasken wuta, da sauransu. Bugu da kari, sulfur da aka yi amfani a matsayin daya daga cikin sinadaran da kwaro iko. A magani, da shi da ake amfani da matsayin bangaren a yi magunguna ga fata cututtuka. Har ila yau, da dũkiyõyinsu a tambaya an yi amfani da sarrafa daga daban-daban dyes. Bugu da kari, shi da ake amfani a yi na phosphors.

Lantarki tsarin sulfur

Kamar yadda aka sani, duk kwayoyin halitta kunshi wani core wanda ya ƙunshi protons - lallai cajin barbashi - da kuma neutrons, watau, barbashi da ciwon sifili cajin ... Electrons akwai doguwar a kusa da tsakiya, wanda korau cajin. Don zama tsaka tsaki zarra a cikin tsarin ya zama guda yawan protons da electrons. Idan karshe ya fi tsayi, wannan shi ne wani mummunan ion - anion. Idan a kan m - da yawan protons ne mafi girma daga electron - mai kyau ion ko cation. sulfur anion iya zama cikin acid saura. Yana da wani ɓangare daga cikin kwayoyin abubuwa irin sulfide acid (hydrogen sulfide), kuma karfe sulfides. A anion kafa a lokacin electrolytic dissociation, wanda ya auku a lokacin da dissolving da dũkiyõyinsu a ruwa. Lokacin da wannan kwayoyin karya up cikin wani cation wanda za a iya wakilta a cikin nau'i na karfe ion ko hydrogen, da kuma wani cation - ion acid saura ko a hydroxyl kungiyar (OH-). Tun da serial number na sulfur a cikin lokaci-lokaci tebur - goma sha shida, shi za a iya ƙarasa da cewa a da ginshikin ne daidai wannan adadin protons. A wannan hasashe, zamu iya cewa da electrons orbiting goma sha shida ma. Yawan neutrons za a iya samu ta hanyar subtracting da matauni taro na serial number na sinadari 32 - 16 = 16. Kowace electron rotates gargada, kuma a wani sarari suKe. Tun da sulfur - sinadari cewa nasa ne da na uku lokacin da na lokaci-lokaci tebur, da kuma uku falakinsu a kusa da tsakiya. A farko daga cikin wadannan biyu electrons located a kan na biyu - takwas, a kan uku - shida. Lantarki dabara sulfur zarra aka rubuta kamar haka: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p4.

Yaduwar a cikin yanayi

Kullum dauke da wani sinadari samu a cikin abun da ke ciki na ma'adanai, wanda da dama daga karfe sulfides. Wannan musamman pyrite - baƙin ƙarfe gishiri. shi ma kai, da azurfa, da tagulla luster, tutiya blende, cinnabar - Mercury sulfide. Bugu da ƙari kuma, sulfur iya kunshe a cikin abun da ke ciki na ma'adanai, tsarin da aka wakilta uku ko fiye da sinadaran abubuwa. Alal misali, chalcopyrite, da salts, kieserite, gypsum. Za ka iya duba kowanne daga wadannan a more daki-daki. Pyrite - Wannan sulphide Ferrum, ko FeS _2. Yana yana da wani kodadde rawaya launi da zinariya Sheen. Wannan ma'adinai za a iya sau da yawa samu a matsayin najasa a lapis lazuli, wanda aka yadu amfani da kayan ado. Wannan shi ne saboda cewa wadannan biyu ma'adanai sau da yawa da na kowa filin. Chalcocite - chalcocite, chalcocite, ko - wakiltar wani bluish-m abu kama da karfe. Galena (galena), da azurfa haske (argentite) da irin wannan halaye, kuma suka yi kama da karafa ne m. Cinnabar - brownish-ja ma'adinai tare da wani maras ban sha'awa m faci. Chalcopyrite, wanda sinadaran dabara ne CuFeS _2, - zinariya rawaya, shi ne ake kira da zinariya blende. Tutiya blende (sphalerite) su yi wata launi daga amber zuwa haske-orange. A salts - Na ₂ SO ₄ x10H ₂ O - a m fari lu'ulu'u. Haka kuma an kira Glauber ta gishiri, a yi amfani da magani. Chemical dabara kieserite - MgSO ₄ xH ₂ O. Yana bayyana a matsayin fari ko colorless foda. Chemical dabara gypsum - CaSO ₄ x2H ₂ O. Bugu da kari, da sinadari ne wani ɓangare daga cikin sel na rayayyun kwayoyin halitta, kuma shi ne wani muhimmin alama kashi.