Concept, iri da kuma ma'anar: laifin

Mene ne wani laifi da kuma abun da ke ciki? Kayadadden da haƙiƙa cututtuka da kuma su hade, ta kafa dokokin laifuffuka, wanda faye hali hatsari ga al'umma da laifi yi, ƙayyade ma'anar asali. Na laifi ne dalilin sun jawo laifi alhaki. Laifi Rasha dokokin bai bayyana manufar da kanta, duk da haka, shi ne yadu amfani da investigative da shari'a yi, Theory of Law, da laifi Hanya Code da Criminal Code.

Abubuwa da su ma'anar

Actus reus kunshi kawai hudu abubuwa:

a) da abu na laifi, wanda aka directed hari (mai kyau, dabi'u, zamantakewa dangantakar, wanda ya kamata a kiyaye shi ta m dokar).

b) haƙiƙa gefe (cewa shi ne, da matukar hatsari yi, ta m gefe, da m aqibar al'umma, da kuma a sarari mahada tsakanin laifi da sakamakon, bindigogi, fashion, kudi, lokaci, yanayi, inda laifi ya aikata).

c) da na ra'ayin wani al'amari (cewa shi ne, abin da yake ciki na laifi: shafi tunanin mutum jihar, da aikata wannan laifi da laifi kuma nasa sakamakon: niyyar ko sakaci, manufa da kuma muradi, wani tunanin jihar a lokacin da aikata aikin).

g) perpetrator (alhakin mutum a cikin shekaru laifi alhakin).

Don gudanar da wani irin doka aiki, kowane daga cikin wadannan abubuwa ne m.

Ƙunshi wani laifi, kuma yana da siffofin da cewa faye hali wadannan abubuwa, suna kuma hudu kungiyoyin:

a) masu halayen da faye hali kai tsaye abu, batun da laifi kuma wanda aka kashe.

b) bayanin irin haƙiƙa gefe (da yi da kuma sakamakon da laifi, da wani causal mahada kafa tsakanin biyu, lokaci, muhalli, da wajen, hanyoyin, kayan aikin da wuri).

c) da na ra'ayin wani al'amari, ma, yana da halaye: da ruwan inabi, da muradi, da tausaya, burin.

d) batu halaye (nauyin wani mutum, da gaban da shekaru a wadda laifi alhakin).

Features na kowane daga cikin hudu abubuwa, ma, suna da muhimman hakkokin muhimmancin. The zargi yana da ake buƙata kuma tilas abubuwa.

M kuma tilas

M abubuwa dole ba, kuma babu ko da guda daya daga cikinsu shi ne cikakken rashin tsari. Tamanin da muhimmanci halaye na laifi, har manufarsu gefe, ya kamata a hada da:

• The abu na laifi.
• Agazawar ko mataki, cutarwa sakamakon kai tsaye alaka da aikin ko kuma sakaci, game dole ne causal.
• In mun gwada batu abubuwa dole ãyõyin jiki mutane na hankali, da kuma a wasu shekaru da shi.
• Laifi kamar yadda niyyar ko sakaci.

The darajar ãyõyin laifi ne babban, kawai za su iya sanin ko amincewar da laifi la'anta.

ZABI abubuwa ake bukata don gina da abubuwa na wani laifi a matsayin ƙarin zuwa babban iya zama m karkashin bincike ga abun da ke ciki da kuma na tilas ga wasu. Ga misali:

a) dangi zuwa ga abu: da aka azabtar da batutuwa.

b) tare da haƙiƙa gefen - da wuri, da yanayi, lokaci, hanya, da kayayyakin aiki;

c) game da batun - musamman batu;

g) subjectively - wani tunanin jihar, da kuma manufa motif.

The darajar shaidar wani laifi ne da gaske mai girma tsarin, tun da kasancewar zai zama kawai shaida ga m alhaki.

Nau'in: mataki na al'umma da kuma jama'a hadari

A laifukan na da yawa daban-daban daga juna, su ne a kan irin wannan filaye, ma, za a iya zuwa kashi hudu sassa. Shi ne daga cikin ma'anar kuranye tamanin da aikata laifuka. Misalansa su.

1. A mataki na kowa na cikin tsarin alamar laifukan: kowa, Generic, da kuma nau'in-takamaiman formulations.

• A farko kunshi wani hade da fasali da kuma abubuwa da suke ba a duk formulations, su ne halin da aikata miyagun laifuka.
• Na biyu - da kowa yana da halaye m laifukan wanda yake nuna halaye muhimmi kungiyar ke kai hari guda sashe CC.
• Sulusin - a shari'a halayyar laifuka na wasu kungiyoyin.
• Fourth - da tara na wani laifi takamaiman laifi dokar.

2. A mataki na jama'a hatsarin da laifi a karkashin binciken da ya nuna wata primary, galihu, kuma m formulations.

• A farko - asali - ƙunshi cikakken sa na core (wajibi) kayadadden da haƙiƙa shaida daga cikin abun da ke ciki, inda laifi ne a fili discernible kuma ba dauke da wani m ko mitigating yanayi.
• A kashi na biyu - da karfi, watau, dauke da mitigating cututtuka da cewa bayar da shawarar wani karami hatsari ga al'umma na yi, kuma ku bauta a matsayin dalilin rage girman da azãba idan aka kwatanta da bugun fanareti ga laifukan na asali tsarin.
• Ƙwararren ma'aikatan - da yi tare da muni hali, kuma ru da takamaiman siffofin na yin laifi, wanda ya nuna da babban hatsari ga al'umma na yi, sabili da haka ya kunsa a mafi tsanani idan aka kwatanta da azãbar asali tsarin.

Alamun farko iri biyu nuna yadda muhimmanci da abubuwa na wani laifi. Iri daidai delineate har azãba, sabõda jajirce perstupleniya.

Nau'in: wata hanya ce ta bayyana tsarin da kuma halaye na

Hanyar kwatanta dokokin alamar laifukan iya zama na uku iri: sauki, hadaddun da madadin. Kashi na farko ya ba da dukan kayadadden da haƙiƙa cututtuka sau daya a cikin hadaddun ƙunshi ƙarin fasali ko abubuwa a gwada yawa sharuddan, madadin tsarin - wani irin hadaddun, amma wani alama na shi ne cewa akwai wani nuni da zaɓuɓɓuka don laifi yi ko yanayin na mataki, wanda suke duk a lokaci guda, ko kuma kowane dabam ayyana laifi. Kamar wancan ne aka nuna ko wani daban-daban ma'anar ne haƙiƙa shaida daga cikin laifi.

Design fasali fasali na abu da kuma ta haƙiƙa gefen - a lokacin da ya ƙulli formulations iya zama abu, truncated ko m. A kashi na farko na wata ãyã tare da yi na wani laifi ne sakamakon ga kasa, da kuma laifi da kanta za a iya daukan gama da zaran akwai zo hatsari sakamakon for jama'a, wajabta doka ta. The m tsarin ne mai nuni kawai a kan hatsari ga jama'a yi ko tsallake bada Yunƙurin zuwa alhaki, da kuma shi ba ya dogara ne a kan abin da ya faru na sakamakon da yi. Truncated da laifi (ra'ayi, ma'ana sifofi) yana da wani tsari a cikin abin da laifin da aka zaton kammala a wani a baya mataki - daga lokacin da aikata aikin, ko da yunkurin da dafa to laifi yi, kuma ba a dogara a kan kammala shirin.

ayyana

Category na wani laifi da wani sosai tsawon lokaci da aka yi amfani da yadu ne kawai a yi, amma laifi dokar har sai kwanan nan, wannan definition ba a amfani da. RF Criminal Code kulla karshe da muhimmiyar rawa da irin Concepts, ko da yake daidai definition bai ba. Amma da rata da aka cika ka'idar shari'a.

Saboda haka laifi - aka bayar a cikin shiriritar da kuma a ƙaddarãwar laifi dokar dokoki da kuma ba da halaye na wata} hatsarin da yi a matsayin wani laifi ne, da na ra'ayin wani kuma haƙiƙa abubuwa (ãyõyi), aiki a kan tsarin. Wannan shine babban definition: wani tsarin a cikin abin da abubuwa (tags) - da darajar da shaida. An riga an nuna cewa abubuwa na laifi hudu subsystems: abu da kuma na haƙiƙa gefe, batun kuma ta na ra'ayin wani gefe. Tamanin da abubuwa na laifi da cewa su ne tushen sun jawo laifi alhaki. Idan daya kashi ne m, da m abin alhaki ba a sa ran. Alal misali, idan laifi ne aka aikata by mahaukaci ba - shi ne da rashi na aikata wannan laifi.

A ra'ayi na dokar

Dokokin kafa fitar a cikin Criminal Code laifukan da su ne bisa wani binciken da data kasance halin da ake ciki kuma, hukumar na wasu ayyukan mutane su nuna wata mafitar Trend, shi ne a ke so da kuma cutarwa daga ra'ayi na jama'a. Laifi doka muhimmancin da laifi - wani code da aka gina ya kamata da kuma aminci nuna dangantakar tsarin rinjaye a cikin al'umma, musamman da hatsarin da murdiya, taushẽwarsu harkar amfani da ayyukan da haifar da adalci.

A Bangguo ne kamar halittu, ba samar da dokokin da ba ƙirƙira su, amma kawai tsara, wanda yayi kokarin bayyana a cikin wani m ciki dokokin da dokokin da suka shafi ruhaniya dangantaka. Kuma darajar wani laifi a cikin dokokin laifuffuka da aka bayyana a cikin Criminal Code (musamman bangare), inda daya aikata laifi za a iya bambanta daga wata. Alal misali, sata da damfarar, fashi da zalunci bambanta kawai daban-daban bijiro da batun kafa abubuwa daga cikin wadannan laifuffuka.

a Rasha

Da farko, a bit game da Roman kuma English dokar. A zamanin d Roma, sata gane infringement, ciki har da unpaid bashi. Turanci laifi dokar ya wadãtu da hanyoyi daban-daban na sata hare-hare a kan wasu mutane ta dukiya, ko da idan mutum ya kasafta wani abu samu ko cheated da wutar lantarki. A laifi dokar shiga cikin takamaiman laifuffukan, wanda irga a Rasha.

Kuma wannan yana nufin cewa laifi azãba da wani laifi iya kawai gane hali da ya zo daidai da ãyõyinMu da wani abun da ke ciki. Legal dabi'u na laifi a Criminal Code aka gane a matsayin wani ainihin ãyõyi duk a jere, amma mafi muhimmanci da kuma hali na kayadadden da haƙiƙa, tare characterizing da yi a matsayin harkar m.

Ba a kare ba, kuma Finished laifukan

A wasu articles (Special Part CC) suna bayyana zalla domin kammala ãyõyin laifuffukan da aka aikata da aikatawa wanda tare da co-mawallafa ko dai kadai. Duk da haka, janar ɓangare na Criminal Code ƙunshi guzuri kan uncompleted laifi, wanda aka hada da shirye-shiryen ko yunkurin aikata laifuka.

The darajar kayadadden gefen laifi cewa aka bayyana a cikin Janar kashi ãyõyi biyu: na mutum da kuma ga kowa da kowa laifukan. Lokacin da wani mutum ya yi, misali, siffofi da wani instigator, Oganeza ko wani accomplice kuma ba da kaina yi aikin wani laifi, to laifi ne dauke da wani ɓangare na kungiyar, instigation ko hada baki da. A kowane mataki na laifi yana da wani m bayyanar cututtuka.

Duk wani laifi da za a iya halin da iri-iri mai motsin rai da kuma haƙiƙa bayyanar cututtuka, halaye da kuma musamman wa fasali. Articles na Criminal Code (musamman part) nuna kawai mafi barga tsarin abubuwa da su bijiro da batun kafa siffofin: wani abu a gefe na laifi yi - biyu na ra'ayin wani kuma haƙiƙa, sa'an nan aiki a kan dukan tsarin ne a tsare ko ba a tsare a matsayin babban laifi. Tamanin da haƙiƙa gefe na zargi da muhimmanci daidai saboda an dauke omissions kõ kuwa ya kawo hadari ga al'umma da wani sakamako, da yanayi na lokaci da kuma wuri, da causal connection, yanayi, wajen da kuma hanyoyin, bindigogi a hukumar da laifi - wato, tabbatas da abun da ke ciki na ãyõyi.

model

Kawai rungumar halayyar kowane abun da ke ciki na laifi-resistant fasali, za ka iya ƙirƙirar wani irin kimiyya abstraction bangaren na overall ra'ayi, wanda ya hada da na sama da fasali, duk hudu na kungiyar (har yanzu kira da jam'iyyun ko da abun da ke ciki na ta abubuwa). Su ba da halaye na abu, ta haƙiƙa gefe, da na ra'ayin wani gefe na laifi da kuma batun. Wannan model (ra'ayi) da aka saba amfani a makarantu kuma yana da babban methodological muhimmanci. Tun da kowane gefe na laifi na da takamaiman siffofin, kowane bangare a cikin nasu musamman da kuma na musamman.

A] aukacin abun da ke ciki na laifi da ake bukata, da cewa shi ne m ga dukan ma'aikata, da ãyõyinMu, kazalika da yawan mutum, atypical, tilas ba ne. Alal misali, wuri, lokaci, kudi, da makamai, wajen aikata laifi, da nasa sakamakon da halin da ake ciki a wanda duk wannan ke faruwa, ba kowane lokaci ake kunshe a wasu daga cikin yin laifi, amma sakaci da kuma mataki - wannan ne haƙiƙa gefe, da kuma shi siffofi da wani da ake bukata domin kowane halitta. Duk da haka, a cikin laifi ba musamman wajabta ko tilas siffofin da ake bukata a cikin CC (Special Part). Ãyõyin irin wannan shirin an kiyasta ko ƙa'ida a tsare, kamar yadda aka bayyana da fi'ili nufin - da takamaiman doka sharuddan, Concepts, sanannun kalmomi.

misalai

Akwai da dama sharudda cewa an asa a kan abin da aka kebance laifukan a Criminal Code (musamman part). The adadin da muhimmanci halaye na haƙiƙa gefe na aikata laifi da kuma zane batu da sub-sashe: abu ne abun da ke ciki, m, ko truncated. Wani misali da wani abu da abun da ke ciki: sakaci (Part 1 of Mataki na ashirin da 293 na kundin Code), a cikin abin da akwai wani m hali. Ga shi wajibi ne don tsayar da matsayin laifi sakamako sa lalacewar a kan wani babban sikelin, wani gagarumin take hakkin da istinbadi hakkoki da abubuwan da moriyar jama'a ko kungiyoyi ko bukatun da jama'a da kuma jihar ta kare masa. Idan m hali ne ba (kashi na 2 na wannan kasida), wannan yana nufin aikace-aikace na azãba mai jiki lahani ko mutuwar wani mutum ya sa su ba da gangan. Idan akwai wani musamman m yanayi (sakin layi na 3 na wannan kasida) - haddasa mutuwar biyu ko fiye da mutane ta hanyar sakaci.

Wani misali da wani m tsarin da takamaiman effects ba nuna akwai isasshen sakaci ko ayyuka azurta a cikin Mataki na ashirin da na Criminal Code. A sakamakon yawanci samu waje na cewa laifi, kuma idan sun kasance har yanzu akwai, to dauki la'akari lokacin da hukuncin. Alal misali, abun da ke ciki na zaben dama na toshewa ko tsangwama tare da aiki na zaben kwamitocin. Truncated qagaggun da dama m, kawai karshen aikin mayar da su cikin farkon mataki na laifi. Alal misali, fashi (Mataki na ashirin da 162) da aka tsara a matsayin hari don sata da dukiya, inda ya yi amfani da tashin hankali, a kawo hadari ga rayuwa da kuma kiwon lafiya, ko da barazana da irin wannan tashin hankali. Fashi - jajirce laifi daga farko lokacin da hari. Ya kawo karshen dokar canjawa wuri a lokacin da kisan gilla, a lokacin da rinjãye wani da dukiya har sai da aka gudanar.