Electrons - menene wannan? Da kaddarorin da kuma tarihi na samu na electrons

Duk kewaye da mu duniya da aka yi sama da kananan, imperceptible da ido na barbashi. Electrons - wannan shi ne daya daga cikinsu. Su samu ya faru mun gwada kwanan nan. Kuma shi ya bude wani sabon fahimtar tsarin da zarra, wutar lantarki watsa sunadaran da tsarin da duniya baki daya.

Yadda za a raba basa

A zamani fahimtar electrons - wannan na farko barbashi. Su ne m, kuma kada ku rarrabu cikin karami Tsarin. Amma irin wannan ra'ayin bai wanzu. Har 1897 game da electrons da wani ra'ayin.

More gabascin zamanin tsohuwar Girka gane cewa kowane abu a kan haske, ginin kunshi wani jam'i na microscopic "tubalin". The karami naúrar na al'amarin sa'an nan dauke da zarra, kuma wannan imani nace ga ƙarni.

Misali na zarra ya canza kawai a cikin marigayi XIX karni. Bayan gudanar da bincike J. Thomson, E. Rutherford, H. Lorenz, P. Zeeman karami barbashi basa atomic nuclei da electrons da aka gane. A tsawon lokaci, an gano protons, neutrons, kuma ko da daga baya - da neutrino, kaons, pions, da dai sauransu ...

Yanzu kimiyya sani a babbar dama na farko barbashi, wurin da kokari ne shagaltar da electrons.

A gano wani sabon barbashi

A lokacin da suka kasance electrons gano a cikin zarra, masana kimiyya sun dade da aka sani na zama na wutar lantarki da kuma magnetism. Amma da gaskiya yanayi da kuma cikakken Properties na wadannan mamaki suna da har yanzu asiri, mamaye zukatan mutane da yawa lissafin kimiyya.

A farkon karni XIX shi an san shi da cewa yaduwa daga electromagnetic radiation, gudun haske. Duk da haka, da Banasare Dzhozef Tomson, gudanar da gwaje-gwajen da cathode haskoki, ƙarasa da cewa sun kunshi yawa kananan hatsi wanda taro ne kasa da makaman nukiliya.

A Afrilu 1897 Thomson sanya wani jawabin inda ya gabatar da kimiyya al'umma zuwa ga haihuwar wani sabon barbashi a cikin abun da ke ciki na kwayoyin halitta, wanda ya kira corpuscle. Daga baya, Ernest Rutherford yin amfani da tsare-gwajen tabbatar da karshe na malaminsa, da kuma corpuscles da aka bai wani sunan - "electrons."

Wannan samu prompted ci gaban da ba kawai jiki amma kuma sinadaran kimiyya. Yana yiwuwa a yi gagarumin ci gaba a cikin binciken na wutar lantarki da kuma magnetism, Properties na al'amarin, da kuma ba Yunƙurin zuwa nukiliya kimiyyar lissafi.

Mene ne wani electron?

Electrons - ne lightest barbashi tare da wutar lantarki. Mu ilmi daga gare su, har yanzu kasance sun fi mayar da sabanin da bai cika ba. Alal misali, a cikin zamani ideas su rayu har abada, saboda ba karya, sabanin neutrons da protons (msar tambayar auka na karshe shekaru wuce shekaru na sararin samaniya).

Electrons ne barga, kuma suna da wani m korau cajin e = 1.6 x 10 ^-19 CL. Sun kasance a cikin iyalin na fermions da leptons kungiyar. Barbashi da hannu a wani rauni electromagnetic da gravitational hulda. Suna hada da kwayoyin halitta. Barbashi wanda sun rasa lamba tare da kwayoyin halitta - free electrons.

A taro na electrons ne 9.1 x 10 ^-31 kg kuma shi ne 1836 sau kasa da taro na wani proton. Suna da rabin na game da juya da wani Magnetic lokacin. Electron denoted da harafin "e ^-". A wannan, amma tare da wani da alamar suturta ta antagonist - antiparticle positron.

Jihar na da electrons a zarra

Lokacin da ya bayyana da cewa zarra aka yi sama da karami Tsarin, ya zama dole mu fahimci daidai da yadda aka shirya a cikin shi. Sabõda haka, a karshen karni na XIX bayyana farko model na zarra. Bisa ga planetary model, protons (lallai cajin) da kuma neutrons (tsaka tsaki) zarcewa da tsakiya. A electrons motsi a kusa da a elliptical falakinsu.

Wadannan hasashe an canza tare da zuwan jimla kimiyyar lissafi a farkon XX karni. Lui De Broglie ya gabatar da ka'idar cewa electron behaves ba kawai a matsayin barbashi, amma kuma a matsayin kalaman. Erwin Schrodinger Halicci kalaman model na zarra, inda electrons aka wakilta wani gajimare da wasu cajin yawa.

Don nuna lokacin wuri da kuma yanayin da electrons a kusa da tsakiya shi ne kusan ba zai yiwu ba. A wannan batun, ya gabatar da wani musamman Kalmar "orbital" ko "electron girgije", wanda yake shi ne sarari daga cikin mafi m wurare na ce barbashi.

makamashi matakan

A electron girgije kusa zarra kamar yadda da yawa da protons a tsakiya. Dukan su ne a daban-daban nisa. Mafi kusa zuwa da zuciyar aka shirya electrons da kalla adadin kuzari. A more makamashi ne a cikin barbashi, more su iya zama.

Amma ba suna shirya a bazuwar, kuma kai takamaiman matakan, wanda zai iya saukar da kawai wani yawan barbashi. Kowane matakin na da adadin kuzari da kuma aka raba sub-matakai, da waɗanda, bi da bi, a kan orbitals.

Don bayyana halaye da kuma wuri na electrons a makamashi matakan, hudu jimla lambobi :

• n - babban lamba tantancewa electron makamashi ajiye (yayi dace da adadin da sinadari lokaci).
• l - orbital lamba, abin da ya bayyana da siffar da electron girgije (s - siffar zobe, p - nau'i takwas, d - da siffar Clover ko biyu eights, f - wani hadadden lissafi siffar).
• m - yawan Magnetic fassara girgije fuskantarwa a wani Magnetic filin.
• ms - da juya lamba, abin da characterizes electrons madawwama biyu a kusa da axis.

ƙarshe

Saboda haka, electrons - a barga, barnatar caje barbashi. Su ne asali da kuma ba zai iya lalata a cikin sauran abubuwa. Suna kira a matsayin muhimman hakkokin gaɓũɓuwa, watau, wadanda cewa wani bangare ne na tsarin kwayoyin halitta.

A electrons matsar kusa da nuclei kuma samar da su electron harsashi. Su shafi da sinadaran, Tantancewar, inji kuma Magnetic Properties na daban-daban abubuwa. Wadannan barbashi suna da hannu a cikin electromagnetic da gravitational hulda. Su directional motsi halitta da lantarki da kuma Magnetic filin.