Fahrenheit: alaka tsakanin ma'aunin zafi da sanyio da labari dystopia Ray Bradbury

Canja zazzabi sikelin mai suna bayan da Jamusanci likita Gabriel Daniel XVII karni Fahrenheit (1686-1736). Masana kimiyya sun halitta a ma'aunin zafi da sanyio, ga wanda samarwa a tsarin da sauki don auna masomin. A guntu nesa tsakanin nema rarrabu ne ake kira "digiri Fahrenheit" a cikin girmamawa ga kirkiro. Wannan sikelin yanzu amfani da kasa akai-akai saboda miƙa mulki ga 70-ies na XX zuwa karni na kasa da kasa Raka'a (SI) tsarin. Ilimi daga cikin dokoki na transfer na daya naúrar zuwa wani zai taimaka wajen fahimtar ma'anar sunan da labari na Ray Bradbury ta "Fahrenheit 451" mazauna wadannan kasashe inda yin amfani da tsarin awo tsarin kawai.

Gabriel Fahrenheit Daniel

Jamus bincike G. Fahrenheit aka haife shi a Danzig, aiki duk rayuwarsa a kimiyyar lissafi gwaje-gwajen, ƙirƙira da kayayyakin amfani a cikin metrology. A 1710, masana kimiyya ya fara kafa zazzabi sikelin da a na'urar ga aunawa da dumama da kuma sanyaya jiki. Daya daga cikin farawa da maki a cikin wannan aiki shi ne kallo na jihar cakuda kankara da ruwa da kuma danshin ruwa a karkashin reflux.

A kida domin aunawa da yawan zafin jiki Fahrenheit mori tinted barasa da Mercury. A hasara na ruwa karfe - shi freezes a low yanayin zafi. Gabriel Fahrenheit kullum kammala kida, an zabe shi a Royal Society a Ingila. A wani lokaci an yi tunanin cewa da Jamusanci likita thermometers irretrievably rasa. Akwai kawai biyu lokutta, amma daga baya aka samu a na uku na asali na'urar, ƙirƙira da masana kimiyya.

Na'ura for aunawa da zazzabi

Daban-daban thermometers akwai game da shekaru 500 da haihuwa, da girmamawa da na samar da wadannan muhimmanci kida da aka raba tsakanin mafi girma masana kimiyya na tsakiyar zamanai. A farko samfurori da aka unsuccessfully zaba masomin cikin sikelin, da kuma ta yin amfani da daban-daban rarrabu "farashin" thermometers sun m, a rayuwar yau da kullum.

Gabriel Fahrenheit ta abin yabo ta'allaka ne da cewa ya ƙirƙira zamani nau'i na da kayan aiki a daidai auna sikelin. A binciken da shawarar a matsayin asalin mika mulki cikin kankara ruwa, ta tafasar batu a cikin asusun. Modern gida thermometers a Turanci kasashen kamar kadan ƙirƙira a tsakiyar zamanai, shi ne a yanzu sau da yawa da alama ne amfani a cikin kewayon daga 0 zuwa 132 ° F (digiri Fahrenheit).

zazzabi sikelin

A mafi muhimmanci sigogi na sikelin halitta da Fahrenheit:

• Point 0 ° F - ne da yawan zafin jiki a wadda kankara ne.
• 32 ° F - dab kankara da baya da mika mulki - a cikin m jihar.
• 212 digiri Fahrenheit - ruwan zãfi.

Fahrenheit fara denoted ° F bayan da sabuwar dabara na ma'aunin zafi da sanyio. Yaren mutanen Sweden bincike Anders Tselsy mafi m fiye da ta Jamus da takwaransa, ta kafa wani ruwa zafin jiki na mika mulki a daban-daban tara jihohi. A kan sikelin samarwa da Swedish masanin kimiyya, ma, shi ne wani adadi na 100, amma shi ya yi daidai da narkewa daga cikin kankara. A lokacin da tafasar batu na ruwa 0 digiri Celsius soma. Fiye da 250 da shekaru sun shude tun lokacin da wannan sikelin kife: canji zazzabi kankara ruwa da aka dauka a matsayin 0 ° C, da kuma ta tafasar batu da aka sanya da adadi 100.

Babban zazzabi sikelin a cikin tsarin awo tsarin

Tun daga shekarar 1960, yawancin kasashen sanya miƙa mulki ga tsarin awo tsarin, a cikin abin da biyu Sikeli aka yi amfani: Celsius da Kelvin. The fi na kowa a cikin rayuwar yau da kullum, da kuma art meteorological thermometers, wanda shaida rarraba Celsius, la'akari tana mayar fi na kowa terrestrial al'amarin - ruwa. A Kelvin sikelin amfani da kimiyya da bincike, farkon zafin jiki ne reference jihar na jiki a wadda shi yana da karami ciki makamashi. Amurka da Birtaniya ba su cikakken switched zuwa International Raka'a (SI) tsarin. A cikin wadannan, kuma da yawa wasu Turanci kasashen amfani da thermometers tare da daban-daban ma'auni.

kwatanta yanayin zafi

A zafin jiki Fahrenheit akwai wata rata daga 0 ° zuwa 100 °. Wannan guda band a kan Celsius sikelin tazara yayi dace daga -18 ° zuwa 38 °. A Kelvin sikelin yana amfani da manufar "cikakkar sifili." Wannan zafin jiki, wanda shi ne -273,2 ° C ko -459,7 ° F. Za a iya fassara da 451 digiri Fahrenheit, wanda adadin zuwa 233 ° C.

Daban-daban yanayin zafi za a iya tuba a cikin juna, da kuma bukatar da wadannan lissafin a Amurka da kuma Birtaniya, inda standardization aiwatar a yankunan da yawa na kimiyya da bincike da kuma samar da ƙi amfani da Fahrenheit sikelin, amma shi ne har yanzu kowa a cikin gida. Idan ya cancanta, da mazauna Turanci kasashen da aka tuba Fahrenheit zuwa Celsius, da sanin cewa da yawan zafin jiki tazara na 1 ° C ne 1.8 ° F.

Rey Bredberi "Fahrenheit 451"

Up har 1960 da Fahrenheit sikelin da ke cikin Turanci kasashen, yafi amfani a climatology, magani, masana'antu da kuma rayuwar yau da kullum. Littafinsa Rey Bredberi kammala a 1953, da kuma a cikin epigraph nuna cewa 451 digiri Fahrenheit - takarda flash batu. Babban samfurin na gwarzo na zaune a cikin m gaba da aiki "wuta", amma ba ya yi yaƙi da wuta, da kuma konewa littattafai.

American classic sci-fi Genre your labari dystopia sadaukar da matsaloli na halin kirki zabi, anti-totalitarian tsarin, da personification na cewa a cikin XX karni shi ne farkisanci. Bayan zuwa ga iko a Jamus, Adolf Hitler qaddamar da lalata dakunan karatu, da kona littattafai. Ta wannan hanyar, da Führer so ya kauda duk siffofin amincewarsa, tsawwala yan'uwanmu 'yan ƙasa Nazi akidar. Canja zazzabi sikelin da jiki yawa - digiri Fahrenheit - shi ne hankali abu da suka gabata, amma ideas tashe a cikin labari har yanzu suna dacewa.