Mene ne kai-ƙungiya? Tafiyar matakai, akida, da kuma ka'idar kai-ƙungiya

Tambayar da abin da yake kai-ƙungiya, yana da ban sha'awa. La'akari da shi a cikin wannan labarin. Kai shirya tsarin - wannan shi ne rashin komowar tsari wanda results daga hulda ta daban-daban mahalarta zuwa fitowan da ya fi dacewa Tsarin.

A binciken da na al'umma da kuma yanayi ya nuna cewa da yawa bude sifofi, wanda ya kunshi babban adadin subsystems, m karkashin takamaiman yanayi ga ci gaba da kuma kai-ƙungiya.

A tarihin nazarin kai-ƙungiya

Ga jama'a da kuma da na halitta matakai na kai-muhimmancin an yi karatu, ko a tauhidin ko m falsafa matakin, tun lokacin Aristotle. Daruruwan takardun da aka rubuta game da yadda duniya aiki, abin da ya ta'allaka da tushen da zaman lafiya da kuma mutuncin sararin samaniya ya wanzu for biliyoyin shekaru. Musamman m wannan matsalar ya zama a cikin karni na karshe, a karo na biyu da rabi. Yake da alaka da ci gaban cybernetics.

cybernetic fahimtar

A falsafa na dogon lokaci mamaye a look at wannan tsari kamar yadda muhimmi a rayuwa tsarin kawai sabon abu. Kai-ƙungiya a cikin yanayi, misali - kwayoyin, live cell, wani nazarin halittu yawan jama'a. Watch wani garken tsuntsaye, tururuwa, ko ƙudan zuma, da kuma za ku fahimci abin da shi ne.

Cybernetic fahimtar kai-ƙungiya, cewa ne definition shi a matsayin matsayi Karkasa tsarin inda kasan sami bayani a kan tashar feedback kawai kamar yadda karshe sakamakon, da kuma yanke shawara kawai a saman, ba iya gani ainihin aiki na tsarin, cakuduwar, da kuma haifar da matakai bayyana da model, cewa faruwa a hadaddun kungiyoyin.

Non-gargajiya m

Ciki na cybernetics a cikin biyu da rabi na 1950s fita nonclassical Trend kafa domin nazarin daban-daban tsarin (kai-tsara kwayoyin halitta, jama'a). Cikin wannan tsarin, wani inji aka located kusa da synergistic fiye da wani cybernetic (wanda aka dauke a classic). Norbert Wiener, wanda ya kafa cybernetics, ya zama daya daga neklassikov suka bincika da manufa na kai-ƙungiya. A XX karni, a cikin farkon shekarun 1960s, M. L. Tsetlin, Soviet masanin kimiyya, rubuta game da gaskiyar cewa idan muka yi la'akari management matsayin wata hanya ta magance abin da ke faruwa daga saman saukar, da tsarin zai kasance da wuya sosai. Inji, idan an bamu da dokoki da kansu su ne matakai da ake bukata, ba tare da bukatar umarnin. Wannan shi ne, a cikin ra'ayi, da manufa na kai-ƙungiya.

Synergetics a matsayin horo

Horo Matsayi cewa ka fito a cikin West a shekarar 1975, aka kafa a matsayin wani sabon shugabanci a kimiyya, sosai alamar rahama, muhimmanci yana faɗaɗa cikin kewayon daban-daban matakai na kai-ƙungiya, baya karatu cybernetics. A cikin ayyukan da wannan Trend za a iya lura cewa kai-ƙungiya a matsayin sabon abu da aka gani a matsayin duniya duka biyu maras rai da rai tsarin. Shi yana tare da gabatarwar da lokaci kimiyya "Synergetics" lura bayyanar da biyu main hanyoyin da binciken: cybernetic da synergetic. Bambanci tsakanin wadannan biyu Concepts musamman game da mayar da hankali da tsarin hali da ya auku a lokacin da matakai na kai-ƙungiya ne ba.

Bambance-bambance synergistic da cybernetic m

A cybernetic m presupposes wani qaddara alƙibla wadda nasu tsarin o ƙarin, a kusa da shi shirya kansa da kansa. Synergetic m ba ya bukatar wani manufa. Tare da tasirinta cikin sharuddan hadin gwiwa tsakanin daban-daban abubuwa na tsarin aka bayyana kai-ƙungiya.

Total biyu, na fuskantar

Kuma Synergetics da Cybernetics dora muhimmanci irin wannan ra'ayi kamar yadda "management", haka hidima daban-daban dalilai. Cybernetics tasowa da hanyoyin da lissafi mai tsauri cewa sa shi yiwuwa a yi aiki da tsarin sabõda haka, shi abubuwa kayyade a gaba hanya. A lokacin gwaji, a wani hanya hada hannu a canza daban-daban iko sigogi, da kuma kai-ƙungiya ake bincika yadda a dauki ga su, cewa shi ne, da daban-daban jihohin a cikin abin da tsarin mulki, a ƙarƙashin rinjayar a kan shi na wannan controls. Wannan shi ne, a ƙarƙashin rinjayar da wani Hukumar Mulki na shirya cybernetic tsarin, da kuma ta synergistic hali ba kai tsaye shafi kula da sigogi. Su ne kawai fararwa inji na ciki kai-ƙungiya. Kuma synergetic, kuma cybernetic tsarin hali ya dubi mayar da hankali, amma a farkon yanayin, da tsarin zaban hanyar samun bunkasuwar kanta ga mafi girma daga cikin kungiyar, kuma wannan an saita a gaba a karo na biyu manufa.

Synergetics da tafarkin tsara

Yau, ma'anar "kai-kungiyar" kusa da manufar "Hadin gwiwa." Su sukan yi amfani da matsayin ma'ana ga kimiyya. A gaskiya, wadannan biyu Concepts suna nazarin yadda a sarari da kuma lokaci akwai wata kungiya daga hargitsi (kai-ƙungiya) da kuma gaban mamaki (samodezorganizatsii matakai) cewa za a iya lura a tsarin na wani hali, suna hadaddun, bude da kuma tsauri disequilibrium. Duka da muka ambata a sama inji (synergistic da cybernetic) da na kowa akai: Communications, spontaneously tasowa tsakanin abubuwa, ba ka damar haifar da tsarin, da kungiyar na tsarin saboda za'ayi ba tare da wani iko ya umurci zuwa gida interactions.

A Trend na kai-shirya tsarin

Da farko, Magana game da sabon abu na kai-ƙungiya, ba a mai rikitarwa, shi ne zaci su sadaukar da homeostatic kwanciyar hankali, adana mutunci. Yana iya a lura da wadannan babban trends a cikin hali na mai kai-shirya kungiyoyin: ya zama har zuwa yiwu a kan Jihar hargitsi, matsakaicin entropy ma'auni. Synergetics, a daya hannun, jayayya da cewa babu wani ci gaba ba tare da rashin zaman lafiya, shi ya auku a bazuwar, danniya. Crises da kuma rashin zaman lafiya taimakawa wajen zabin da kuma ganewa na mafi kyau. A tattalin arziki da rikicin, misali, tarbiyya, shirya, samar da wata dama ga matasa da kuma aiki zuwa ƙirƙira gaba, kamar yadda m da kuma raunana - ba har su wuri a cikin kasuwar. A tsarin, wanda za a iya gani da kyau, kamar yadda ya san iyakokin da suke yiwu a wannan yanki na rashin zaman lafiya a halatta stochasticity, kuma ya gabatar da kansa a kan wasu dokoki a jihar, kunna sunadaran da kai-ƙungiya. Wancan ne, ta yi yãki da entropy da hadarin.

Kai-ƙungiya daga wani tsarin - aiwatar da canza da halaye (ko matsayi) ba tare da samu wasu niyya farko ko da tcelepolaganija kafofin. Inducing ta haddasawa sunadaran iya zama duka biyu na ciki da kuma na waje. Shi ne halayyar domin irin wannan abubuwa a matsayin tafarkin tsara a cikin yanayi, da al'umma, ko maras rai tsarin. Zaka kuma iya magana game da abubuwa da wannan tsari.

A sa na kai-ƙungiya sunadaran

Mun gano cewa, wannan kai-ƙungiya a yanayi, maras rai da kuma tsarin al'umma. Mene ne ta sunadaran? The tarin duk sunadaran da kai-ƙungiya hada da selection, gadar hali, bambancin. Wannan shi ne abin da NN Moiseev, Academician, yana nufin kasuwa. Wannan shi yayi wani iri-iri na zabin da kwanciyar hankali, tsarin dokokin da ka'idodinta selection zabi mafi inganci wadanda. A kasuwar, Musa, ya yi karatu Ricardo kuma Smith - shi ne na musamman idan akwai abin da ake kira kasuwar duniya. Nature iya zo ba tare da wani makirci. Saboda haka mutane tafi a kan hanya riga tattaka, saboda wasu kawai bai wanzu: dabaru da wanda shirya da tattalin arzikin yanayi da mutum tattalin arzikin an raba.

daban na kai-ƙungiya

Wani lokaci malamai sun gano zamantakewa, nazarin halittu da kuma fasaha iri-iri na kai-ƙungiya, imani da cewa su sunadaran su ne bisa daban-daban ka'idodin:

- zamantakewa (kai-ƙungiya daga al'umma) ta dogara ne a kan wani zaman jama'a shirin na harmonization dangantakar, ciki har da dokokin, dabi'u da kuma manyan al'amurra cewa canza a kan lokaci.

- nazarin halittu shirin dogara ne a kan adana daga cikin jinsunan (kwayoyin), kazalika da selection, gadar hali da kuma bambancin (Darwin ta triad).

- dangane da fasaha shirin cewa ya aikata wani takamaiman algorithm atomatik motsi mataki a karkashin sãɓãwar launukansa yanayi (autopilot, abin da ya ƙunsa da makamai masu linzami da kuma kamar).

Figuring fitar da abin da kai-ƙungiya, ilmi na kyakkyawar dangantakar da ke tsakanin shi da kuma kungiyar a social tsarin - mafi muhimmanci aiki na kimiyya. A wani kamfanin, kamfanin tare da wani mayar da hankali iko nuna ta wajen tsare-tsaren, takardu, umarni, umarnin, da dokoki, da akwai ko da yaushe kai-ƙungiya matakai da ake dangantawa da kaddarorin da tsarin a matsayin dukan, tare da musamman synergies. Saboda haka nawa wannan kai-ƙungiya kasance? Ashe, akwai wani janar ka'idoji, ko yana yiwuwa tare da taimakon m ilimi da kuma samar da wani zamani da harshen a wannan batun da shawarwari?

Kai-ƙungiya a zaman jama'a da tsarin

An sani cewa mafi m ne kula da tsarin, don haka akwai ƙasa da sarari ga halittar kuma kai-ƙungiya. Amma bar tafi a free taso kan ruwa tsarin abubuwa, ba za mu iya cimma burin nufi da mu. Kai-ƙungiya daga jama'a, a hannu daya, aka samu da m ayyukan, na yau da kullum hadin gwiwa. Amma a sauran - godiya ga da tsari sosai, m mataki ne sarrafawa da manufa fili alama.

Saboda haka, abin da yake kai-ƙungiya a cikin al'umma? A zaman da tsarin juyin halitta kwakwalwa da wadannan:

- A gaban wani pre-alƙibla wadda nasu tsarin o ƙarin, samoorganizuyas a kusa da wannan matsala. Taka muhimmiyar rawa m ci gaban al'amurra, kerawa, masu sana'a girma, kazalika da inganta girma na Game da aiki.

- adaptability, sassauci da kuma canzawa na kula da jiki. Share ta administrative hanyoyin da zamantakewa da kuma m. Modern cibiyar sadarwa saukin tsari ƙarfafa data kasance synergies, game da shi, samar da wani karuwa a total sakamako. Tsari irin na danniya da wuya bar to kai-ƙungiya daga kananan siffofin. Yana bayyana kanta a gaskiyar cewa kananan m raka'a ba alaka kullum ayyukan ba komai haqqinsa Tsarin cewa hana daidaituwa na yanke shawara a kan kwance, kuma a tsaye.

- decentralization, diversification, ta ƙara yawan aiki mutum takara, hannu na kowane dauki management yanke shawara, da kuma dalili aiki.

- Yi amfani da dama dalilai na yada bayanai, samar iya aiki, gwaninta, da ilmi, da dai sauransu

- kamunkai, kai-da ilimi, kai-da ilimi. The m ga wannan dalili ya zama haifar da wani yanayi.

- Personal ci gaban da ake bukata don matsawa da kungiyar zuwa na gaba matakin (tsarin canji, ci gaban sabuwar manufa, da jari na bayanai game da tsarin).

Mun gani cewa wannan kai-ƙungiya, da definition, bayani dalla-dalla da kuma nau'in. Kamar yadda ka gani, wannan Generic lokaci a yau kaddamarda mamaki a rayuwa da kuma maras rai tsarin. Wannan ne, da kai-tsara kwayoyin halitta da kuma al'umma suna kama. Wannan tsari ne da ban sha'awa sosai kamar yadda a duniya dukiya da tsarin.