A rai gabar - shi ... The rarrabuwa na rayayyun kwayoyin halitta. A totality of rayayyun kwayoyin halitta

A rai gabar - shi ne babban batu, wanda aka karatu a kimiyya, kamar ilmin halitta. Yana da wani hadadden tsarin, kunsha na Kwayoyin, gabobin da kyallen takarda. A rai gabar - shi ne daya cewa yana da wani yawan halayyar fasali. Ya numfasawa da kuma ci, motsa da kuma motsa, kuma yana da zurriyarsu.

Kimiyyar rayuwa

Kalmar "nazarin halittun" da aka gabatar da JB Lamarck - Faransa halittu - a 1802. A game da wannan lokaci da kuma da kansa da sunan kimiyya, rayuwa duniya, ya ba da Jamusanci botanist GR Treviranus.

Wurare da dama a sassan na Biology la'akari da bambancin da ba kawai da a halin yanzu data kasance, amma riga dadaddun halittu. Su karatu da asalin da kuma juyin matakai, tsarin da aiki, kazalika da sirri ci gaba da kuma sadarwa tare da yanayi da kuma tare da juna.

Sassan Biology dauke masu zaman kansu da kuma dokokin general, wanda ne muhimmi a dukan abubuwa masu rai a duk kaddarorin da kuma manifestations. Wannan kuma ya shafi haifuwa, da kuma metabolism da kuma gadar hali, da kuma ci gaba, da kuma ci gaba.

Fara tarihi mataki

A farko rayayyun kwayoyin halitta a wannan duniya tamu, a da tsarin muhimmanci daban-daban daga samuwa a halin yanzu. Sun kasance sũ ne sauƙin. Cikin duk matakai na samuwar rayuwa a duniya zo zabin yanayi. Ya gudummawar da kyautata tsarin halittu masu rai, kyale su su daidaita da waje duniya.

A can farko na rayayyun kwayoyin halitta a cikin yanayi ci kawai kwayoyin sinadaran da cewa sun taso daga primary carbohydrate. A alfijir na da tarihi da kuma dabbobi da tsire-tsire ne kankanin guda-celled tãlikai. Sun kasance kama da na yanzu amoebae, blue-kore algae da kwayoyin. A lokacin juyin halittar kwayar kwayoyin fara bayyana da suke yawa more bambancin da mafi hadaddun fiye da waɗanda suke a gabãninsu.

sinadaran da abun da ke ciki

A rai gabar - cewa shi ne, kwayoyin wanda aka kafa daga inorganic da kwayoyin abubuwa.

Tsohon daga wadannan aka gyara sun hada da ruwa da kuma ma'adinai salts. Organic abubuwa ne a cikin sel rayayyun kwayoyin halitta suna fats da kuma sunadarai, nucleic acid, carbohydrates, ATP da kuma wasu abubuwa. Shi ne ya kamata a lura da cewa rayayyun kwayoyin halitta a cikin tsarin dauke da wannan gyara da suke da samuwa da kuma abubuwa na matattun yanayi. Babban bambancin shi ne, a da rabo daga data abubuwa. Rayayyun kwayoyin halitta - wadanda casa'in da takwas bisa dari na abin da ke zuwa hydrogen, oxygen, carbon da nitrogen.

rarrabuwa

A kwayoyin duniya na duniya tamu yana zuwa kwanan kusan rabin miliyan daban-daban irin dabbobi, rabin miliyan jinsunan shuke-shuke, kazalika da miliyan goma kwayoyin. Irin wannan bambancin ba za a iya karatu ba tare da wani cikakken amfaninsa. A rarrabuwa na rayayyun kwayoyin halitta aka farko ci gaba da Swedish halittu Carl Linnaeus. Dalili na aikinsa, sai ya sanya matsayi manufa. Naúrar zama irin amfaninsa, sunan abin da aka gayyace su ba kawai a Latin.

A rarrabuwa na rayayyun kwayoyin halitta a yi amfani da zamani da ilmin halitta, yana nufin zumunta da juyin dangantaka da tsarin. Duk da yake rike da manufa na matsayi.

A totality of rayayyun kwayoyin halitta da cewa suna da na kowa asali, wannan chromosome sa, saba da irin wannan yanayi, zaune a wani takamaiman mazauninsu, da yardar kaina interbreed kuma ba zuriyarsa iya haifuwa, da kuma shi ne mai ra'ayi.

Akwai wani rarrabuwa a ilmin halitta. Wannan kimiyya duk salon salula kwayoyin kasu kashi kungiyoyin bisa ga gaban ko babu wani dai da core. Yana prokaryotes da eukaryotes.

Na farko da kungiyar da aka wakilta m kwayoyin ba tare da nuclei. Wadannan Kwayoyin asirce nukiliya yankin, amma shi ya ƙunshi kawai kwayoyin. Wannan kwayoyin.

Nukiliya gaskiya wakilan da kwayoyin duniya ne eukaryotes. Kwayoyin na rayayyun kwayoyin halitta na wannan kungiyar da duk asali tsarin aka gyara. A bayyane yake ado da su, kuma da zuciyar. Wannan kungiyar hada da dabbobi, tsirrai da fungi.

A tsarin rayayyun kwayoyin halitta na iya zama ba kawai cell. Biology nazarin da sauran siffofin na rayuwa. Wadannan sun hada da wadanda ba salula kwayoyin, kamar ƙwayoyin cuta da kuma bacteriophages.

Azuzuwan da rayayyun kwayoyin halitta

A nazarin halittu taxonomy akwai Rank matsayi rarrabuwa, wanda masana kimiyya yi imani daya daga cikin manyan. Ya gano azuzuwan na rayayyun kwayoyin halitta. Babban wadanda suke da wadannan:

- kwayoyin.

- namomin kaza.

- dabbobi.

- shuke-shuke.

- algae.

Description of azuzuwan

A bacteria ne mai rai gabar. Wannan guda-celled, wanda ninka ta division. A cell a cikin kwayoyin da aka kewaye a cikin wani harsashi, kuma yana da cytoplasm.

Don wadannan azuzuwan na rayayyun kwayoyin halitta ne fungi. A yanayi, akwai game da dubu hamsin jinsunan wadannan wakilan da kwayoyin duniya. Duk da haka, ilmin halitta sun koya kawai biyar bisa dari na jimlar. Sha'awa, da naman kaza yana da wasu siffofin na biyu shuke-shuke da dabbobi. An muhimmiyar rawa wannan aji na rayayyun kwayoyin halitta da ke cikin ikon decompose Organic abu. Wannan shi ne dalilin da ya sa namomin kaza za a iya samu a kusan duk nazarin halittu maharibai.

A babban iri-iri fauna iya fariya. Wakilai daga wannan aji za a iya samu a waɗannan wurare, inda, a fili, akwai wani yanayi na zama.

A mafi sosai shirya aji ne dumin jiki dabbobi. Sunan da suka samu daga hanyar da ciyar da zurriyarsu. All wakilan kasu kashi dabbobi masu shayarwa ungulates (raƙumin dawa, doki) da kuma dabbobi masu cin nama (fox, kerkẽci, bear).

Wakilai daga cikin dabba duniya ne ma kwari. Su ne a duniya akwai da yawa. Su iyo da kuma tashi, ja jiki da tsalle. Mutane da yawa daga cikin kwari da irin wannan karamin size cewa ba za su iya jure har ma da ruwa tashin hankali.

Daya daga cikin na farko vertabrate fito a zamanin d tarihi sau zuwa ga ƙasar, suka ga halittar dabba mai kafafuwa da dabbobi masu rarrafe. Har yanzu rayuwa na wannan aji ake dangantawa da ruwa. Saboda haka, mazauninsu manya - sandararriyar ƙasar, kuma su numfashi ne mai sauki. The larvae ma numfashi tare da gills da kuma iyo a cikin ruwa. A halin yanzu a duniya akwai game da dubu bakwai jinsunan wannan aji na rayayyun kwayoyin halitta.

Musamman wakilan fauna daga wannan duniya tamu ne, da tsuntsãye. Bayan duk, sabanin sauran dabbobi, suna iya tashi. Duniya ne zuwa gida kusan dubu takwas da ɗari shida jinsunan tsuntsaye. Ga 'yan wannan aji ne halin da gashinsa da kwai kwanciya.

Don babban rukuni na vertabrate kasance a cikin kifi. Suna zaune a cikin tafkunan da kuma da ƙege da kuma gills. Masana kimiyyar halitta ya kasu kashi biyu kungiyoyin kifaye. Wannan guringuntsi da kashi. A halin yanzu, akwai game da dubu ashirin jinsuna daban na kifi.

Ciki da shuka aji na da grading. Flora wakilan kasu kashi dicots da monocots. A farko daga cikin wadannan kungiyoyi a cikin zuriyarsa tayi aka located, kunsha na biyu cotyledons. Ƙayyade da wakilan wannan nau'in na iya zama cikin ganyayyaki. Suna imbued tare da wata raga na jijiyoyinmu (masara, beets). A tayi na monocots da daya kawai cotyledon. A ganyen irin shuke-shuke suna shirya a layi daya jijiyoyinmu (albasa, alkama).

algae Class yana kan talatin dubu jinsunan. Wannan na cikin ruwa spore shuke-shuke da cewa ba su da jini, amma da chlorophyll. Wannan bangaren na taimaka wa photosynthesis tsari. Algae su samar da tsaba. Su haifuwa daukan wuri da vegetative ko spore. By mafi girma shuke-shuke, wannan aji na rayayyun kwayoyin halitta halin da babu mai tushe, ganye da asalinsu. Bã su da kawai wani da ake kira jiki, da ake kira thallus.

Ayyuka muhimmi a cikin rayayyun kwayoyin halitta

Menene muhimman hakkokin duk wani memba na Organic duniya? Wannan darasi makamashi metabolism matakai da kuma abubuwa. A zaune jiki ne akai hira daban-daban kayan zuwa makamashi, da kuma jiki da kuma sinadaran canje-canje faruwa.

Wannan aiki ne kafin ga wanzuwar wani rai gabar. Shi ne saboda da metabolism na duniya kwayoyin halittu daban-daban daga inorganic. Eh, saumn abubuwa ne ma canje-canje na al'amarin, kuma makamashi canji. Duk da haka, wadannan matakai suna da muhimman hakkokin bambance-bambance. Metabolism, wanda ya auku a inorganic abubuwa, halaka su. A lokaci guda, rayayyun kwayoyin halitta ba tare da tafiyar matakai na rayuwa ba zai iya ci gaba da wanzuwa. A sakamakon metabolism ne sabunta Organic tsarin. Ƙarshe na musayar matakai haifar da mutuwa.

The ayyuka na wani rai gabar dabam- dabam suke. Amma dukkan su suna tsaye alaka tafiyar matakai na rayuwa faruwa a shi. Wannan na iya zama wani girma da kuma haifuwa, ci gaba da kuma narkewa, abinci mai gina jiki da kuma oxygen, da dauki da dama selection da mugunya na sharar gida kayayyakin, da dai sauransu A zuciya na wani aiki na jiki ne mai sa na tafiyar matakai na canji na makamashi da kuma abubuwa. Haka kuma, shi ne daidai da dangantaka da yiwuwa a matsayin kyallen takarda, cell, sashin jiki, da kuma dukan kwayoyin.

Metabolism a jikin mutane da dabbobi ya shafi tafiyar matakai na abinci mai gina jiki da kuma narkewa. A shuke-shuke, shi ne da za'ayi ta hanyar photosynthesis. A zaune kwayoyin lokacin aiwatar da metabolism kanta SUPPLiES gina jiki zama dole ga rayuwa.

An muhimmanci siffa daga cikin kwayoyin duniya na abubuwa ne da yin amfani da external makamashi kafofin. Wani misali na wannan zai iya zama a matsayin wani haske da kuma abinci.

Kadarorin muhimmi a cikin rayayyun kwayoyin halitta

Wani nazarin halittu naúrar aka hada da mutum abubuwa, wanda, bi da bi, nau'i inextricably da alaka da tsarin. Alal misali, a cikin tara dukkan gabobin da kuma ayyuka wakiltar jikinsa. Da kaddarorin halittu dabam- dabam suke. Bugu da kari wani guda sinadaran abun da ke ciki da kuma yiwuwar tafiyar matakai na rayuwa abubuwa kwayoyin duniya m kungiyar. Daga cikin kwayoyin motsi samar m wasu sifofi. Wannan halitta na dukan abubuwa masu rai a wasu domin a lokacin da sarari. Tsarin kungiyar ne a dukan sa na hadaddun kai-gudãnar da tafiyar matakai na rayuwa da faruwa a wani takamaiman tsari. Wannan ya sa ya yiwu don kula da ake bukata matakin na akai ciki yanayi. Alal misali, hormone insulin rage-rage adadin glucose a cikin jini a lokacin da shi ne wuce haddi. Tare da rashin wannan bangaren da ke sa har ya adrenaline da glucagon. Har ila yau, dumin jiki kwayoyin mallaka mahara sunadaran da thermoregulation. Wannan fadada daga cikin fata capillaries, da kuma zafin sweating. Kamar yadda ka gani, wannan shi ne wani muhimmin aikin yi da jiki.

Da kaddarorin rayayyun kwayoyin halitta da suke da takamaiman kawai ga kwayoyin duniya, da kuma kammala a aiwatar da kai-haifuwa, saboda kasancewar kowane nazarin halittu tsarin ne a lokacin da iyaka. Jure wa rayuwa iya zama kai-haifuwa. Dalili na wannan alama ne da samuwar sabuwar kwayoyin Tsarin da kuma lalacewa ta hanyar da bayanai wadda aka kafa a cikin DNA. Kai-haifuwa ne inextricably nasaba da gadar hali. Bayan duk, kowace dabba yana haihuwa kamar kansu. Ta hanyar gadar hali kwayoyin auku a kan su musamman ci gaba, Properties da kuma halaye. Wannan dukiya ne saboda a al'adarsu. Yana wanzu a tsarin da jigidar halittar DNA.

Wani alama halayyar masu rai, shi ne irritability. Tsarin ko da yaushe amsa ciki da waje canje-canje (tasiri). Tare da girmamawa ga irritability jikin mutum, shi ne intimately da alaka da kaddarorin muhimmi da tsoka, juyayi, kuma glandular nama. Wadannan aka gyara su ne m bada goyon baya martani bayan tsoka ƙanƙancewa, jijiya turu asalin, kuma mugunya daban-daban abubuwa (hormones, yau, da dai sauransu). Kuma idan hana juyayi tsarin na wani rai gabar? Da kaddarorin rayayyun kwayoyin halitta a cikin nau'i na irritability bayyana a cikin wannan harka da motsi. Alal misali, protozoa bar mafita a cikin abin da gishiri maida hankali ne da muni. Kamar yadda na shuke-shuke, su sami damar canza matsayin da harbe domin sha da haske kamar yadda zai yiwu.

Duk wani mai rai tsarin iya amsa ga mai kara kuzari. Wannan shi ne wani alama na abubuwa da kwayoyin duniya - excitability. Wannan tsari tabbatar tsoka da kuma glandular kyallen takarda. Daya daga karshe dauki na excitability ne motsi. A ikon matsawa ne na kowa dukiya daga dukan abubuwa masu rai, duk da cewa wasu kwayoyin a fili hana shi. Bayan duk, da motsi na cytoplasm auku a wani cell. Koma da a haɗe dabbobi. Girmancin motsi ta kara yawan Kwayoyin lura a tsire-tsire.

mazauninsu

A zama na Organic duniya na abubuwa ne kawai zai yiwu a karkashin wani yanayi. Wasu yanki na sarari yana da ko da yaushe na kewaye da wani rai kwayoyin ko wani dukan kungiyar. Wannan ne mazauninsu.

A cikin rãyuwar wani kwayoyin, kwayoyin da inorganic yayan yanayi taka muhimmiyar rawa. Sun samar da wani sakamako a kan shi. Rayayyun kwayoyin halitta da daidaita da wa data kasance yanayi. Saboda haka, wasu daga cikin dabbobi iya rayuwa a cikin Far Arewa a sosai low yanayin zafi. Wasu za su iya kawai wanzu a cikin tropics.

A duniyarmu, akwai da dama wuraren. Daga cikin su akwai:

- ruwa.

- kasa-ruwa.

- kasa;

- gona.

- wani rai gabar.

- kasa-iska.

Rawar da rayayyun kwayoyin halitta a cikin yanayi

Rayuwa a duniya ya kusa ga uku shekaru biliyan. Kuma a lokacin duk da wannan lokacin, kwayoyin sun faro ne, canja, da kuma zaunar da a lokaci guda aiki a kan su muhalli.

Sakamako a kan tsarin yanayi ya sa bayyanar da wani ya fi girma adadin oxygen. Wannan rage muhimmanci da adadin carbon dioxide. Babban tushen samar da oxygen ne tsire-tsire.

Ƙarƙashin rinjayar rayayyun kwayoyin halitta da kuma canja abun da ke ciki na Duniya Ocean. Organic asalin da wasu duwatsu. Albarkatun ma'adinai (mai, kwal, farar ƙasa) - shi ne ma da sakamakon aiki na rayayyun kwayoyin halitta. A wasu kalmomin, da abubuwa na Organic duniya ne mai iko da karfi da cewa canza yanayi.

Rayayyun kwayoyin halitta ne da wani irin nuna alama, na nuna ingancin da mutum yanayi. Su suna hade hadaddun aiwatar shuke-shuke da kuma ƙasa. Tare da asarar ko da guda mahada a cikin wannan sarkar nufin rashin daidaituwa da muhalli tsarin a matsayin dukan. Wannan shi ne dalilin da ya sa wurare dabam dabam na makamashi da kuma kome a duniya da muhimmanci a kiyaye duk data kasance bambancin da wakilan da kwayoyin duniya.