Abin da ayyuka a wani cell yi nucleic acid? Tsarin da kuma aiki na nucleic acid

Nucleic acid taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin cell, tabbatarda aiki da haifuwa. Wadannan Properties sa shi yiwuwa a kira su da na biyu mafi muhimmanci biomolecules bayan gina jiki. Mutane da yawa masu bincike ko dauki fitar da DNA da RNA da fari, ma'ana su babba darajar a gaban rayuwa. Duk da haka, su ne ya dauki na biyu wuri bayan da sunadarai, saboda kafuwar rayuwa ne kawai polipetidnaya kwayoyin.

Nucleic acid - wannan shi ne wani daban-daban matakin na rayuwa ne yafi hadaddun da ban sha'awa saboda gaskiyar cewa kowane irin kwayoyin yana da wani takamaiman aiki domin ta. Wannan wajibi ne a fahimci a more daki-daki.

A ra'ayi na nucleic acid

All nucleic acid (DNA da RNA) ne nazarin halittu iri-irin polymers abin da ya bambanta a yawan haihuwarka. DNA ne biyu stranded polymeric kwayoyin cewa yana dauke kwayoyin bayanai na eukaryotic kwayoyin. Madauwari jigidar halittar DNA iya ƙunsar kayyade bayanai na wasu ƙwayoyin cuta. Wannan HIV da kuma adenovirus. Akwai kuma na musamman da irin 2 DNA: mitochondrial da plastid (samu a chloroplast).

RNA ma yana da yawa ya fi girma jinsunan cewa ne ya sa ta daban-daban nucleic acid ayyuka. Akwai nukiliya RNA, wanda yana dauke da kwayoyin bayanai na kwayoyin cuta da kuma mafi ƙwayoyin cuta, da matrix (ko manzo RNA), ribosomal da kuma sufuri. Dukan su suna da hannu a cikin ko dai ajiya na kwayoyin bayanai, ko gene magana. Duk da haka, wanda ayyuka a wani cell aiki nucleic acid wajibi ne a fahimci a zurfafe.

Biyu-stranded jigidar halittar DNA

Wannan irin DNA - shi ne mai cikakken tsarin na ajiya a kayyade. Biyu-stranded jigidar halittar DNA ne guda kwayoyin kunshi iri-irin monomers. Su burin ne da samuwar hydrogen shaidu tsakanin nucleotides na sauran sarƙoƙi. Kai DNA monomer kunshi wani nitrogenous tushe, da saura orthophosphate da wani biyar-carbon monosaccharide deoxyribose. Dangane da abin da irin nitrogen tushe ne tushen wani takamaiman DNA monomer, shi yana da nasa sunan kansa. Nau'in na DNA monomers:

• deoxyribose moiety da orthophosphate da adenylic nitrogenous tushe.
• thymidine nitrogenous tushe da kuma wani deoxyribose moiety orthophosphate.
• saitosin nitrogenous tushe da kuma sauran desoksiriboza orthophosphate.
• orthophosphate da deoxyribose da nitrogenous Bibyun saura.

The wasika ga simplification na kewaye tsarin DNA adenylic saura denoted matsayin "A", Bibyun - "G", thymidine - "T" da kuma saitosin - "C". Yana da muhimmanci cewa kwayoyin bayanai da aka canjawa wuri daga biyu-stranded DNA cikin Manzo RNA. Bambance-bambance a ta kadan: a nan a matsayin carbohydrate moiety bai deoxyribose da ribose, kuma maimakon thymidylic nitrogenous tushe uracil auku a RNA.

Tsari da kuma aiki na DNA

DNA da aka gina a kan manufa na wani nazarin halittu polymer, a cikin abin da daya sarkar da aka halitta a gaba a qaddara juna dangane da kwayoyin bayanai na iyaye cell. DNA Nukleodidy suna da alaka da covalent shaidu. Sa'an nan, bisa ga ka'ida na complementarity da nucleotides na single-stranded kwayoyin tare ne da sauran nucleotides. Idan guda-stranded nucleotide kwayoyin da aka gabatar farko da adenine, na biyu (karin) kewaye da shi zai dace taimain. Bibyun ne karin to saitosin. Saboda haka, biyu-stranded jigidar halittar DNA da aka gina. Yana da yake a cikin kwaya da kuma Stores hereditary bayanin da aka shigar wanda ke aiki codons - triplets na nucleotides. The ayyuka na biyu-stranded DNA:

• Ajiye samu daga iyaye cell hereditary bayanai;
• gene nasa;
• cikas ga canza yanayi na maye gurbi.

Ma'ana sunadaran da kuma nucleic acid

An yi imani da cewa da aikin sunadaran da kuma nucleic acid da na kowa, wato, suna da hannu a gene magana. Nucleic acid kanta - shi ne su ajiya wuri da kuma gina jiki - shi ne karshen sakamakon karanta bayanai daga wata gene. Gene kanta ne na game rabo daga daya jigidar halittar DNA kunsasshen a cikin chromosome, da bayanin da aka rubuta da nucleotides na tsarin musamman gina jiki. Daya gene encodes da amino acid jerin daya kawai gina jiki. Wannan gina jiki za su aiwatar da hereditary bayanai.

A rarrabuwa na daban na RNA

Ayyuka na nucleic acid a cikin cell ne sosai bambancin. Kuma su ne mafi yawa a yanayin saukan RNA. Duk da haka, wannan multifunctionality ne har yanzu zumunta saboda matsayin daya irin RNA ne alhakin daya daga cikin ayyuka. A wannan yanayin, da wadannan iri RNA:

• nukiliya RNA ƙwayoyin cuta da kwayoyin.
• matrix (bayanai) RNA.
• ribosomal RNA.
• Manzo RNA plasmids (da chloroplast).
• chloroplast ribosomal RNA.
• mitochondrial ribosomal RNA.
• mitochondrial matrix RNA.
• canja wurin RNA.

RNA da ayyuka

Wannan rarrabuwa samar da dama iri RNAs cewa an rarraba bisa ga wuri. Duk da haka, a cikin aikin sharuddan, su ya kamata a raba 4 iri a duk: a cikin nukiliya, bayanai, ribosomal da kuma sufuri. Ribosomal RNA aiki ne gina jiki kira dangane da nucleotide jerin Manzo RNA. Kamar wancan ne amino acid "Tire" to ribosomal RNA "strung" a kan Manzo RNA, ta hanyar canja wuri ribonucleic acid. Saboda haka kira Saide daga duk wani kwayoyin cewa yana da ribosome. Tsarin da kuma aiki na nucleic acid da kuma samar da adana kwayoyin abu, da kuma yin da gina jiki kira tsari.

Mitochondrial nucleic acid

Idan abin da ayyuka a cikin cell yi nucleic acid dake a cikin tsakiya ko cytoplasm kusan duk aka sani, na mitochondrial da plastid DNA bayanai, akwai kananan. Yana kuma samu takamaiman ribosomal kuma manzo RNA. A nucleic acid DNA da RNA ne ba a nan ma mafi autotrophic kwayoyin.

Zai yiwu nucleic acid shiga cikin cell da symbiogenesis. Wannan hanya yana dauke da kimiyya a matsayin mafi m saboda rashin madadin bayani. A tsari yana dauke kamar haka: a cikin cell ga wani lokaci zo symbiontic avtorofnaya kwayoyin. A sakamakon haka, wannan akaryote zaune a ciki Kwayoyin kuma samar da shi tare da samar da makamashi, amma sannu a hankali rage.

A matakin farko na ci gaba, mai yiwuwa makaman nukiliya-free symbiotic kwayoyin koma mutational matakai a cikin nucleus din rundunar cell. Wannan yarda da kwayoyin halittu da alhakin rike bayanai game da tsarin da mitochondrial sunadaran da shiga cikin nucleic acid daga cikin rundunar cell. Duk da haka, shi ne game da abin da ayyuka a cikin cell yi nucleic acid na mitochondrial asalin, da bayanai ne ba yawa.

Kila a wani bangare mitochondrial hada da sunadarai wanda tsari ya ba tukuna sauya ta nukiliya DNA ko RNA rundunar. Shi ne kuma m cewa ta dace inji na gina jiki kira wajibi ne kawai saboda cell cewa da yawa sunadaran hada a cytoplasm, ba zai iya samu ta hanyar biyu membrane na mitochondria. A data wasu gabbansa nuna makamashi, sabili da haka a game da wani takamaiman tashar ko transporter gina jiki ga ta isa ga kwayoyin motsi da kuma da wani taro dan tudu.

Plasmid DNA da RNA

A plastids (chloroplast) kuma yana da DNA, wadda mai yiwuwa ne ke da alhakin aiwatar da irin wannan ayyuka kamar yadda a cikin hali na mitochondrial nucleic acid. Akwai kuma da ribosomal, matrix da kuma canja wurin RNA. Kuma plastids, kuna hukunta da yawan membranes, maimakon ta yawan biochemical halayen, da wuya a samu. Sai ya faru da cewa da yawa plastids tare 4 membrane Layer, wanda aka bayyana da malamai a hanyoyi daban-daban.

Abu daya ne bayyananne: da aiki na nucleic acid a cikin Kwayoyin karatu ya zuwa yanzu arancinsu. Shi ba a san yadda muhimmanci da mitochondrial gina jiki rairaya tsarin da kuma kama ta hloroplasticheskaya. Haka ma ba a bayyana dalilin da ya sa Kwayoyin bukatar mitochondrial nucleic acid, idan sunadaran (a fili ba duk) an riga shigar wanda ke aiki a cikin nukiliya DNA (ko RNA, dangane da kwayoyin). Ko da yake wasu daga cikin hujjojin suna tilasta su yarda da cewa furotin rairaya mitochondrial da chloroplast tsarin ne ke da alhakin wannan ayyuka kamar yadda da DNA na tsakiya da kuma cytoplasm RNA. Su kiyaye kayyade bayanai, sake fitarwa da kuma aika shi zuwa ga 'yar Kwayoyin.

summary

Yana da muhimmanci a fahimta wanda ayyuka a wani cell yi nucleic acid nukiliya, plastid da mitochondrial asalin. Wannan yana buɗewa up yawa yiwuwa ga kimiyya, saboda symbiotic inji, bisa ga abin da akwai mutane da yawa autotrophic kwayoyin da cewa zai iya haifa a yau. Wannan zai samar da wani sabon nau'in Kwayoyin, watakila ma mutum. Ko da yake yiwuwa na aiwatar mnogomembrannyh plastid wasu gabbansa a Kwayoyin ma da wuri zuwa ce.

Yafi muhimmanci shi ne su fahimci cewa a cikin cell nucleic acid alhakin kusan duk tafiyar matakai. Wannan gina jiki biosynthesis, da kuma ajiye bayanai game da tsarin da Kwayoyin. Kuma mafi muhimmanci, da nucleic acid aiki da canja wurin aiki na hereditary abu na sel daga iyaye zuwa ga yaro. Wannan zai tabbatar da kara ci gaba da juyin tafiyar matakai.