Ideal gas. A lissafi na Jihar wani manufa gas. Izoprotsessy.

Manufa gas Jadawalin ma'aikata na wani manufa gas, ta zafin jiki da kuma matsa lamba, juz'i ... jerin sigogi da ma'anar, wanda aiki a cikin dace sashe na kimiyyar lissafi, yana yiwuwa a ci gaba da dogon isa. Yau za mu yi magana kawai a kan wannan topic.

Abin da aka rufe a cikin kwayoyin kimiyyar lissafi?

Babban abu, wanda aka dauke a cikin wannan sashe shi ne cikakken gas. A lissafi na jihar na wani manufa gas da aka samu dangane da al'ada muhalli yanayi, kuma za mu yi magana game da kadan daga baya. Yanzu bari zo da wannan "matsalar" daga nesa nesa.

Yi tsammani muna da wani taro na gas. Ta yanayin za a iya bayyana ta uku sigogi na thermodynamic yanayi. Wannan, ba shakka, matsa lamba, girma da kuma yawan zafin jiki. Tsarin jihar lissafi a cikin wannan harka sadarwa a tsakanin Game da dabara sigogi. Yana bayyana haka: F (p, V, T) = 0.

A nan muna da farko lokacin da za a zare jiki sata har zuwa fitowan da irin wannan abu a matsayin wani manufa gas. Su kira gas, cikinsa da hulda tsakanin kwayoyin ne negligible. Kullum a cikin yanayi na irin wannan ba ya wanzu. Duk da haka, wani rarefied gas kusa cikinta. Daga cikin cikakken kadan daban-daban nitrogen, oxygen da kuma iska, suna a al'ada yanayi. Don rubuta da lissafi na Jihar wani manufa gas, za mu iya amfani da a hade gas dokar. Mun samu: PV / T = const.

A alaka ra'ayi da lambar 1: Avogadro ta dokar

Yana iya gaya mana cewa idan muka dauki wannan adadin moles na da cikakken wani bazuwar gas da kuma sa su a cikin wannan yanayi, ciki har da zafin jiki da kuma matsa lamba, da gas za su zauna cikin girma. A musamman, da gwaji da aka gudanar a karkashin al'ada yanayi. Wannan yana nufin cewa da yawan zafin jiki ya 273,15 Kelvin, matsa lamba - daya yanayi (760 mm Hg ko 101.325 Pascals). Tare da wadannan sigogi gas girma dauka daidai 22,4 lita. Saboda haka, muna iya cewa daya mole na wani gas rabo na lamba sigogi zai zama m. Wannan shi ne dalilin da ya sa aka yanke shawarar bayar da wannan adadi nadi da wasika R kuma kira shi da duniya gas m. Saboda haka, shi ne daidai 8,31. The girma J / mol * K.

Ideal gas. A lissafi na Jihar wani manufa gas da kuma yi amfani da su

Bari mu yi kokarin sake rubutawa. A saboda wannan dalili, za mu rubuta shi a cikin wannan tsari: PV = RT. Bugu da ari yi uncomplicated aiki, ninka bangarorin biyu ta hanyar wani sabani yawan moles. Mun samu pVu = uRT. Mun yi la'akari da cewa da samfurin na matauni girma a cikin adadin abu ne kawai girma. Amma a lokaci guda da yawan moles zai zama mai zaman kansa taro kuma matauni taro. Wannan abin da lissafi Mendeleev-Clapeyron. Yana bada bayyananne ra'ayi na irin tsarin suranta wani manufa gas. A lissafi na Jihar wani manufa gas zama: PV = mRT / M.

Mun samu wani dabara domin matsa lamba

Bari mu ciyar da wasu karin magudi da aka samu albarkacin baki. Don yin wannan gefen dama na Mendeleev-Clapeyron ninka da kuma raba ta da yawan Avogadro. Yanzu hankali dubi samfurin na adadin abu a kan da Avogadro m. Wannan bã kõme ba ne kuma fiye da adadin kwayoyin a cikin iskar gas. Amma a lokaci guda, da rabo daga duniya gas haƙuri a Avogadro ta yawan zai zama daidai da Boltzmann m. Saboda haka, da matsa lamba na dabara za a iya rubuta kamar haka: p = NkT / V ko p = nkT. Ga cikin tsarin rubutu n ne taro na barbashi.

Matakai manufa gas

A kwayoyin kimiyyar lissafi , akwai irin wannan abu a matsayin izoprotsessy. Wannan thermodynamic matakai wanda ya faru a cikin tsarin at akai sigogi. A taro na kasa ya kamata kuma haƙuri. Bari mu dubi su more musamman. Saboda haka, da manufa gas dokar.

Matsa lamba da ya rage m

Wannan ita ce dokar Gay-Lussac. Yana kama da wannan: V / T = const. Yana za a iya sake rubutawa cikin wani daban-daban hanya: V = Vo (1 + a). A nan, wani ne 1 / 273.15 da kuma K ^ -1 ne da ake kira "juz'i na fadada coefficient." Za Mu musanyâ matsayin da yawan zafin jiki a Celsius da Kelvin. A karshen harka da muka samu a dabara V = Voat.

Volume rage m

Wannan shi ne karo na biyu da dokar Gay-Lussac, mafi sau da yawa ake magana a kai a matsayin dokar Charles. Yana kama da wannan: p / T = const. Akwai wani halitta: p = PO (1 + a). Abubuwan Taɗi za a iya yi daidai da baya misali. Kamar yadda za a iya gani, da manufa gas dokokin ne wani lokacin quite kama da juna.

A zazzabi ya rage m

Idan manufa gas da zazzabi da ya rage m, sa'an nan za mu iya samun Boyle ta dokar. PV = const: Ya iya haka a rubuce.

A related ra'ayi № 2: m matsa lamba

Bari mu ce muna da wani jirgin ruwa da gas. Za a yi wani cakuda. A tsarin ne a cikin wani jihar na thermal ma'auni, da kuma gas ba su amsa tare da juna. A nan, N suturta jimlar yawan kwayoyin. N1, N2 da sauransu, bi da bi, yawan kwayoyin a cikin kowane daga cikin data kasance gyara daga cikin cakuda. Dauki dabara matsa lamba p = nkT = NkT / V. Yana za a iya bude game da wani batu. Domin biyu-bangaren cakuda dabara zama: p = (N1 + N2) KT / V. Amma sai dai itace cewa jimlar matsa lamba zai zama Naira Miliyan Xari da m matsin lamba daga kowane cakuda. Wannan yana nufin cewa zai dauki siffar P1 + P2, da sauransu. Wannan zai zama m matsin lamba.

Abin da yake yi?

A sakamakon lamba dabara nuna cewa tsarin matsa lamba ne daga gefen kowane rukuni na kwayoyin. Shi ne, ba zato ba tsammani, ba ya dogara ne a kan wasu. Wannan daukan cikin halitta Dalton dokar, daga baya suna biye da shi: a cakuda cikinsa da gas ne ba chemically amsa da juna, jimlar matsa lamba ne daidai da Naira Miliyan Xari da m matsin lamba.