Gold hakar ma'adinai a Rasha: halaye, tarihi da kuma ban sha'awa facts

Gold hakar ma'adinai a Rasha - mai muhimmanci masana'antu, wanda ya dade da aka bari. Fãta shimfiɗaɗɗa a tsarist sau ma'adinan da aka hallaka a lokacin juyin juya halin da kuma yakin basasa. Soviet lokacin ma sun kawo blossoming masana'antu. Zai yiwu sabon tattalin arzikin da zai iya streamline da samar da tsarin.

The labari game da samu

A tarihin zinariya hakar ma'adinai a Rasha, bisa ga hukuma version, fara a cikin 18th karni. An yi imani da cewa jefa aiki a matsayin karamin dutse, wadda ake samu a cikin kusanci da wannan schismatic Yekaterinburg. Domin wasu dalilai, ya ruwaito ya samu ga gwamnati na Ekaterinburg shuka. Ya search ya tafi, suka sami wani yawa na duwatsu. Daga baya "Original" zinariya mine aka kafa a kan site na Finds.

Gaskiyar cewa zinariya hakar ma'adinai a Rasha iya zama wani babban-sikelin masana'antu, ake magana a kai a cikin na biyar karni. Wannan ya gaya wa da yawa masana tarihi suka ziyarci dutsen kewayon da Urals yankuna da kuma tsayar da 'yan asalin mutanen babban adadin kayan ado da kuma iyali abubuwa da aka yi da daraja karfe.

Dalili na masana'antu ta kasa sikelin aza Petr Veliky a 1719. A farkon karni na 19th, Rasha ya zama shugaba a ci gaba da kuma samar da zinariya. Sakamakon S. Yu. Vitte sake fasalin da gabatarwar da "zinariya misali" a Rasha ya fara Mint tsabar kudi na zinariya, da kuma mahakar sun zama available ga ci gaban kasashen waje da kamfanoni da masu zaman kansu yan kasuwa.

bayan juyin juya hali

Bayan juyin juya halin na 1917 zinariya samar a Rasha an sa a kan tafarkinsa shekaru masu zuwa. A jihar lokaci mai tsawo bai biya wani da hankali ga masana'antu, ba dogaro a kan ci gaban da aka sani adibas da kuma bincike na sabon, da kuma expropriation na zinariya, kuma ta kayayyakin tsakanin yawan jama'a. A kan kwamitin daraja karafa da aka kafa a shekarar 1918, amma kawo domin hisabi na mahakar ya ba nan da nan ya bayyana.

Main wuri na zinariya hakar ma'adinai a Rasha dake a cikin Urals, a Siberia, inda sabuwar gwamnatin da aka ba nan da nan kai. Yi aiki da mahakar da mahakar wuce zuwa "fari", sa'an nan zuwa "ja". Abokan adawar na halakar da kayan aiki, flooded mahakar kuma tarwatsa Artel. A lokacin yakin basasa, da masana'antu da aka kusan hallaka. Ko da a cikin yakin duniya na farko zinariya hakar ma'adinai a Rasha ya rage. Alal misali, a shekarar 1918 kasar samu a total na game da tan 30 na karfe, da kuma a 1913 da lambar kai kusan 64 ton a kowace shekara. A m shekaru, samar da ya consistently ki. A 1920, 2.8 ton da aka samar, da kuma a 1921 ya yi nasara a samun daga Miners kawai 2.5 ton na daraja karfe.

Drop a kama kifi

A lokacin daga 1918 zuwa 1922 a cikin goldfields Soviet gwamnatin samu game da 15 ton na zinariya, a daidai wannan lokacin, yawan mutanen 15.7 ton na zinariya, kuma articles aka kãma. A cewar unofficial data, da yawan "aikin mika wuya" ya fi girma sosai bisa ga kiyasin da Baltic kasashe, a daidai wannan lokacin, aka fitar dashi game da 500 ton na karfe. A 1921, da jihar bin wani monetary gyara, dangane da dabara: "zinariya misali", watau kudi da aka sake bayar da zinariya reserves.

By 1922 ya bayyana cewa duk da aka sani da adibas riga m yawa geologorazvedok data aka rasa, da kuma sabon expeditions ba za'ayi. Wata sanarwa na gaskiya da ya faru a 1924. A cikin hasken da aiwatar da matakai don mayar da jihar iko a kan samar, "Glavzoloto" da aka bai wa kwarai iko, damar, bashi kudi. A shekara ta 1925, Shirin da aka kõma sama, da main mayar da hankali na samar da ya kasance a kan gabatarwa da hadin aiki da fifikon da ci gaban jihar cibiyoyin zuwa masu zaman kansu.

pre-yaki lokaci

A shekara ta 1927, "Glavzoloto" da aka canza zuwa "Soyuzzoloto" yi shirye-shirye domin kafa bincike sabis da kuma horar da sabon ma'aikatan. A farko awo da su ta samar ya ci gaba da tsarin na] a] e da kuma inganta zaman kansa to mai yiwuwa domin zinariya da kananan zinariya karafa kamfanoni. A shekarar 1923, ci gaban na zinariya a cikin kogin kwari na Aldan (Yakutia) da aka kaddamar. An ce, zinariya da za a iya tattara ta hannu. Babban zinariya hakar ma'adinai a yankin da aka za'ayi da dogara "Aldanzoloto".

Domin shekaru biyu (1927-1928) Hakar na daraja karafa ya karu da 61%. A shekara ta 1929, fiye da 25 ton na zinariya tsantsa aka mined a kasar, mafi yawan jama'a ya kawo cikin kungiyar. Bayan wani gagarumin karuwa a cikin juz'i na zinariya samar ya for 1936 da kuma 1937 da kuma zambar 130 ton, Rasha dauki na biyu wuri a cikin zinariya samar a duniya ranking.

By farkon na yaki craft kawota ta jihar taskar game da 174 ton daga cikin daraja karfe a shekara. Mafi yawa daga cikin reserves ya sayan kayan aiki ga masana'antu, samar da masana'antu da kuma 'yancin kai na Tarayyar Soviet.

War lokacin da post-yaki shekaru

Gold hakar ma'adinai a Rasha ya kasance wani bangare da tallace data. A lokacin yakin, halin asiri matakin an tashe shi, abin da ya masana'antu ta yi a wannan lokaci, a cikin jama'a ba a sanar. An sani cewa matakin na zinariya tallace-tallace wuce taki na samarwa. Jihar kara kuzari duk gona (yafi zaman kansa). Ma'aikata kawota tare da abinci da kuma a kyauta. Duk da tsananin daga cikin halin da ake ciki da aka za'ayi babban birnin kasar yi, updated masana'antu wurare. Domin ara-haya ba a tarayyar Soviet biya game 1.5 dubu ton na zinariya.

A postwar zamani ne da matsananciyar bukata don mayar da tattalin arziki, gina birni da kuma ba mutane damar kwanta bayan wani yankunan da bala'i. A tarihin zinariya hakar ma'adinai a Rasha da wannan lokaci, a canza launin tare da duhu launuka - da masana'antu ba a karkashin kulawar "Glavspetstsvetmet", Magana game da ma'aikatar harkokin.

A wani gajeren lokaci sansanin da aka shirya, inda 'yan sarƙa da aka hidima sentences a ci gaba na zinariya. A tsarin sarrafa game da 30 ITL, kwarewa a cikin ci gaban da daraja karfe adibas. Wannan mataki sanya zinariya samar rikodin high a kadan kudi kudin, shi aka dukkan biya domin da dubban fursunonin. By 1950, 100 ton na karfe da aka samar a kasar. A zinariya ajiye ya rikodin a cikin Tarayyar Soviet da kuma a 2049 amounted zuwa 1953 tons. Wannan adadi ya ba da aka wuce tukuna.

A zamanin mulkin N. S. Hruscheva aka halin da yawa surprises. Ga kasa da kasa mafi muhimmanci daga cikinsu shi ne aiki da kuma nauyi sayar da zinariya a kan duniya kasuwanni. West dauke manyan shaƙewa zinariya a cikin kasuwar a matsayin lumana Rasha ta'adi. Babban kashi da aka kashe a kan sayan abinci. The most Rasha zinariya baki ya faru, a 1963, lokacin da hatsi sayan 800 ton daga karfe da aka shafe.

yau

A zamanin mulkin L. I. Brezhneva zinariya hakar ma'adinai a Rasha ya ba da lokaci mafi kyau, da masana'antu bai samu ba saboda da hankali. A manyan yawan daraja karfe reserves aka kashe a kasuwanni waje sayan abinci, da matakin na samar da consistently fadi. A shekarar 1988, da bita tsarin kula da samar da masana'antu da aka sake tsarafa, da kuma samar da matakin fara tashi. A shekarar 1990 ya samu wani m matakin - 300 tons.

A gyara lokaci ya kasance m ga dukan tattalin arziki, ciki har da zinariya hakan ma'adinai masana'antu. Metal Sales a kasuwanni waje girma a kaifi drop tsara. Mafi muhimmanci shi ne 1998, samar amounted zuwa kawai 115 tons. Tare da baki na jihar a kama kifi halin da ake ciki ya fara matakin kashe, amma da wani hadade tsarin har yanzu ba a ci gaba. Gold ne wani muhimmin kudi bangaren na GDP, amma da na kowa siyasa tukuna. A farkon karni na 21 a Rasha akwai kusan 6-dubu filayen.

The most zinariya ajiya a Rasha

A yau duniya ranking na zinariya reserves a cikin hanjinsu na Rasha Federation bautarka na hudu matsayi. The most Rasha zinariya karafa wurare sun mayar da hankali a Siberia da kuma Far East. M ci gaba da kuma samar da daraja karfe da aka kafa a dama mahakar, daga abin da replenishes zinariya reserves.

Yankin inda da ci gaban mahakar ne da za'ayi:

• Khabarovsk Abuja.
• Amur yankin.
• Magadan yankin.
• Krasnoyarsk Abuja.
• A Jamhuriyar Sakha.
• Chukotka cin gashin kanta District.
• Sverdlovsk yankin.
• Buriatia et al.

Muhimmanci taro sulusi da murabba'i na zinariya zo daga manyan mahakar:

• Solovyov.
• Dambuki.
• Ksenevskogo.
• Altai.
• Nevyanovskogo.
• Gradsky.
• Conder.
• Udereyskogo.

Private zinariya hakar ma'adinai a Rasha

Gold hakar ma'adinai a Rasha mutane dakatar tun 1954. Stalin ta lokaci sun m ga hakar gwal. Umurnin da gwamnatin na wadannan ƙarin amfanin, kari, da 'yancin yin amfani da mafi kyau zinariya-hali yankunan da aka gabatar. Don ta da aiki rarraba Apartments, tafiye-tafiye zuwa huta daga gidãjensu, kuma haka a kan .. A pre-yaki lokaci, izni ga zolotobychu iya samun wani adult mutum, wanda ba shi da laifi rikodin.

Number of hakar gwal aiki singly ko a zaman hadin, kai 120 dubu mutane. Mined karfe dauki yawa sana'a abubuwa. Ta hanyar kokarin da masu zaman kansu yan kasuwa suka buɗe kuma sanye take da rundunar sabon mahakar, sun daga baya ya zo karkashin iko da hukumomin gwamnati. A lokacin da kamfanoni masu zaman kansu (1932-1941 gg.), Yawan mined zinariya ya karu fivefold.

Rasha zinariya

Bisa ga duniya da sakamakon 2016 Rasha ranked uku a samar da zinariya daga ma'adanai da kuma koma na biyu wuri a cikin sauran samar da daraja karfe. A cewar S. Kaszuby (Shugaban Rasha Union of Gold), shi aka sa ran cewa matakin na samar for 2016 zai zama game da 297 ton, wani kadan karuwa a samar da aka shirya domin 2017.

Nasara ayyukan a shekarar 2016 ya ci gaban da Pavlik ajiya a cikin Magadan yankin da kuma Kamchatka Violet. M bayani a kan sakamakon daga 2016 ya ba tukuna sanya jama'a. Mene ne overall zuba jari a cikin zinariya karafa Rasha - shi ne ba a sani ba.

Kamar yadda na aikin Figures, for 2015, da Rasha, da zinariya hakar ma'adinai a shekara amounted zuwa 294,3 ton daga karfe cewa ya inganta wasan kwaikwayon na baya lokacin da 2%. A shekara ta 2016 Dmitriy Medvedev ya sanya hannu gyara ga dokar "A Subsoil", wanda damar mutane su shiga a kama kifi a kan zinariya karafa.

Gyara ga dokar: ribobi da fursunoni

Tun shekara ta 2017 a yarda zaman kansa zinariya hakar ma'adinai a Rasha. Doka ta tanadi bayar da yin haya na shekaru biyar, 15 kadada, inda, a cewar masana, ya ƙunshi har zuwa 10 kilo na zinariya. A ci gaban da yawan hani:

• Tono zinariya iya kawai na waje hanya.
• Ba shi yiwuwa a gudanar da ayukan iska mai ƙarfi ayyukan.
• A zurfin abin da za ka iya tono - 5 mita.

Ground ga kaddamar da wani matukin jirgi aikin zaba Magadan yankin inda kidaya 200 shafukan shirye domin zaman kansa raya kasa. A gwamnati ne a mataki dauke a matsayin zamantakewa aikin. The yawan arewacin yankunan da ke a cikin baƙin ciki. Mai ba da da yiwuwar gano wani kyau aiki, da kuma wanke zinariya ya dade cikin gargajiya hanya da samun wani mai rai. A bisa doka ba kasuwanci wanda ya shahara, kuma a yanzu, bayan da tallafi na kyautatuwa, da yawa za su sami damar yin aiki a cikin doka filin, da kuma jihar za ta sami ƙarin albashi.

Akwai fargabar cewa akwai zai zama sha musantawa aikata laifi da kuma sata da cewa ya faru a cikin Magadan yankin a cikin 90s, a lõkacin da wata dokar a zaman zinariya hakar ma'adinai da aka soma. Da tallafi na da gyara bayar da shawarwari da FSB da kuma Ma'aikatar Shari'a. Mutane da yawa ya bayyana ra'ayin cewa masu zaman kansu da yi ba zai magance rashin aikin yi da matsalar. Shawarwari da aka yi wa bude kaɗan daga cikin daruruwan daskararre filayen, wanda zai sa shi yiwuwa a yi amfani da dubban mutane da kuma samun ambaliya na yawan jama'a a cikin Magadan yankin.