Karfe: steelmaking aiwatar da hanyoyin. Samar da fasaha karfe

Karfe kayayyakin, ko da a kan bango na aiki yaduwar high-ƙarfi robobi riƙe su matsayi a kasuwa. Carbon gami da halaye daban-daban suna amfani da kayan aiki da kuma na mota, yi da kuma masana'antu. A musamman hade da elasticity da ƙarfi daga cikin kayan da ke sa m daga mahangar dadewa aiki. Haka kuma, da kayayyakin šauki tsawon da kudin kasa don kula. Amma wannan ba duk da abũbuwan amfãni mallaki by karfe. Shiri na karfe amfani da fasahar zamani damar da karfe tsarin da kuma goya ƙarin Properties.

Janar bayani game da samar da fasahar

Babban aiki ne don tabbatar da harkokin fasahar aiwatar a cikin abin da preform an rage carbon abun ciki da kuma daban-daban impurities kamar sulfur da phosphorus. Dalili na preform protrudes baƙin ƙarfe. Shi ne ya kamata a lura da cewa domin samar da alade baƙin ƙarfe Tanderu bayyana a tsakiyar zamanai, yayin da farko samar da karfe aka gane kawai a 1885, da kuma wa wannan rana gami da samar da hanyoyin ci gaba da inganta. Daban-daban hanyoyin aiwatar yafi saboda carbon hadawan abu da iskar shaka tsari.

Kamar yadda fara abu amfani ne Cast baƙin ƙarfe. Yana iya amfani da m, ko ya ƙera form. Yana kuma iya yi amfani da baƙin ƙarfe kayayyakin, da shiri na da aka za'ayi da kai tsaye raguwa. Kusan dukkan hanyoyin samar da karfe a daya nau'i ko wata kuma samar da refining tsari daga impurities. Alal misali, a Converter fasahar samar da su tare da hurawa oxygen.

Converter hanyar

Tare da wannan hanyar a matsayin tushen za a iya amfani da zubi da baƙin ƙarfe, kazalika da impurities da sharar gida a cikin nau'i na ores, ya da karfe da kuma juyi. Matsa iska ake kawota ta hanyar da fasaha apertures a shirye tushe, bayar da tasu gudunmuwar da aiwatar da sinadaran halayen. Ma hannu a kan aiwatar da thermal daukan hotuna a da oxygen da kuma hadawan abu da iskar shaka na impurities. Na musamman muhimmancin ne Tsarin da halaye na makera, cikinsa da karfe ƙiren ƙarya. Shiri na karfe iya faruwa a aggregates da daban-daban rufi - ya fi na kowa hanyoyin kariya daga karfe constructions da dolomite tsaurin tubalin taro. Bisa ga irin Converter rufi Hanyar ma raba kan guda biyu da wasu hanyoyi: Thomas kuma Bessemer.

Thomas hanyar

A fasalin da wannan Hanyar ne m aiki na baƙin ƙarfe dauke da har zuwa 2% phosphorous impurities. Game da rufi art, ta aiwatar da alli oxide , kuma magnesium. Tare da wannan bayani slag kafa abubuwa suna dauke da wani wuce haddi na oxides. Phosphorus konewa tsari ne daya daga cikin key kafofin of thermal makamashi a cikin wannan harka. Af, konewa na 1% phosphorus ciki qara yawan zafin jiki na makera a 150 ° C. Thomas gami da low carbon abinda ke ciki da kuma sau da yawa ana amfani da fasaha baƙin ƙarfe. Daga bisani an yi shi daga waya, yin rufi baƙin ƙarfe da kuma m. P. Bugu da ƙari, cikin shirye-shiryen da karfe (iron) za a iya amfani da su janye phosphine slag domin kara yin amfani da taki a kasa tare da high acidity.

Bessemer hanyar

Wannan hanya ya shafi aiki na substrates wanda dauke da karamin adadin sulfur da phosphorus. Amma shi ne lura da kuma high silicon ciki - game 2%. A lokacin watsi da farko ya auku silicon hadawan abu da iskar shaka, wanda na taimaka wa tsanani zafi. A sakamakon haka, da makera zafin jiki ne da ake tãyar da 1600 ° C. baƙin ƙarfe hadawan abu da iskar shaka auku hanzari, kazalika da konewa na carbon da silicon. Lokacin da Bessemer steelmaking aiwatar Hanyar samar da cikakken mika mulki na phosphorus a karfe. Duk da halayen a cikin wutar, suna faruwa da sauri - da matsakaita na 15 minti. Wannan shi ne saboda gaskiyar cewa oxygen a cikin ƙaho ta cikin Cast baƙin ƙarfe tushe reacts tare dace abubuwa cikin ƙarar. Gama da karfe iya ƙunsar wani babban taro na baƙin ƙarfe monoxide a narkar da form. Wannan yanayin da dangantaka da rashin tsari, tun da] aukacin halin da karfe da aka rage. Saboda wannan dalili, fasahar bada shawarar kafin zuba raskislivat gami da musamman aka gyara a cikin nau'i na ferromanganese, ferrosilicon ko aluminum.

Samun a bude-hearth Tanderu

Idan a cikin hali na BOF karfe ƙiren ƙarya hada da samar da vyzhiga iska tare da oxygen, da bude-hearth tsari na bukatar da kunsawa a cikin aiwatar da m baƙin ƙarfe ores da ya da. Daga cikin wadannan kayan, oxygen da aka kafa baƙin ƙarfe oxide, wanda kuma taimaka wa carbon burnout. The sosai guda makera ya hada da wani tushe tsarin smelting jirgin ruwa da rufe da tsaurin bulo bango. Har ila yau shi na samar da mahara kyamarori regenerators samar preheating na iska taro da kuma iskar gas. Regenerating raka'a suna sanye take da musamman nozzles sanya na fireproof tubalin.

Kamar yadda converters, bude-hearth plavilniki aiki akai-akai. Kamar yadda kafa sababbin jam'iyyun na cajin, watau, da baƙin ƙarfe tushe da kuma karfe samar a saukarwa. Farawa ne jinkirin, saboda da aiki na baƙin ƙarfe daukan game 7 hours Amma bude-hearth Tanderu ba ka damar daidaita da sinadaran Properties na gami da gabatar da baƙin ƙarfe supplementation a daban-daban rabbai -. Tama da ya da ake amfani da wannan manufa. A karshe mataki na samuwar da karfe makera aiki da aka tsayar, da slag aka zuba, bayan da acid scavenger aka kara. Ba zato ba tsammani, a cikin irin wannan gagarumar wuta za a iya samar da alloyed karfe.

electrothermal hanyar

A ranar, da electrothermal samar da karfe yana dauke da mafi inganci. Saboda haka, a kwatanta da bude-hearth Tanderu da Converter, wannan dabara ya sa ya yiwu more daidai sarrafa ingancin karfe - ciki har da ta gudãnar da sinadaran abun da ke ciki. Shi ya cancanci kulawa ta musamman da kuma hulda tanda, da bẽnãye tare da iska. Electrothermal fasahar don samar da karfe samar kadan damar yin amfani da iska, haifar da wasu abũbuwan amfãni riga. Alal misali, wannan damar don rage jari na baƙin ƙarfe monoxide da kuma kasashen waje barbashi a cikin gami, da kuma samar da ya fi dacewa kuna-up na phosphorus da sulfur.

High zafin jiki yanayi a 1.650 ° C sa ya yiwu a yi smelting slags matsalar cewa bukatar thermal effects a mafi girma da iko. Har ila yau, za a iya za'ayi a lantarki Tanderu alloying na karfe saboda tsaurin karafa, ciki har da tungsten, da kuma molybdenum. Duk da haka, akwai wani tsanani aibi a wannan hanya na samar da karfe. Used Tanderu bukatar yawa makamashi, samar da shi da mafi tsada tsari.

A dogara da kaddarorin na karfe kashi tushe

A yi na karfe tsare ta sa na sinadaran abubuwa da aka gami a lokacin ƙiren ƙarya. Daya daga cikin key aka gyara ta da aiki karfe sami ta asali Properties kamar yadda taurin da ƙarfi, shi ne carbon. A mafi girma shi ne, da mafi m da karfe. Manganese silicon kadan tasiri a kan ingancin littattafai ba su da, amma su yi amfani da shi ne zama dole a yi na wani maki na karfe yin deoxidation tsari. A mummunan tasiri a kan samuwar da kayayyakin da sulfur da phosphorus. Dangane da abin da dabara yi rasit, da karfe abun da ke ciki na iya samun daban-daban yawa na wadannan abubuwa. A wani taron, da sulfur qara brittleness na karfe, da kuma rage da kaddarorin ƙarfi ne, kuma ductility. Phosphorus, bi da bi, ya ba da karfe sanyi brittleness, wanda a lokacin aiki za a iya bayyana friability.

steels aiki dabaru

Shi ne ba ko da yaushe karshe aiwatar da kafa da karfe tsarin da aka kammala bayan da babban mai karɓa. Daga bisani, domin inganta halaye na samfurin za a iya amfani da ƙarin aiki wajen. Irin wannan hanyoyin hada da nakasawa a cikin nau'i na ƙirƙira, stamping kuma mirgina. Wannan taimaka a mataki na yi ta samar da hadaddun na zama dole fasaha fasali, wanda zai yi shirye-sanya karfe. Shiri na karfe a fitarwa na samar da wani roba tsarin, sabili da haka da farko aiki dabaru ne quite bambance bambancen. Saboda haka, ban da nakasawa hardening za a iya amfani da hanyoyin da annealing da kuma maido da.

ƙarshe

Karfe dangantawa da AMINCI da karko. A cikin hali na irin wannan ingancin kayayyakin, irin halaye barata. Alal misali, wasu maki samar da quite high quality ƙarfi ne, kuma elasticity. Dangane da abin da fasahar da aka yi da samun, aikace-aikace na karfe za a iya directed a rike da taurin, ikon jure tsauri lodi da sauransu. D. The mafi m cikin sharuddan fasaha Properties damar da karfe a yi maka wani electrothermal tsari. Amma a lokaci guda shi ne kuma mafi tsada, don haka wannan hanya ake koma ga kawai a lokuta na musamman - ga halittar musamman steels.