Feofan Grek: gunki na "Our Lady of Don"

A 1370 ya zo daga Rum da kuma zauna a Novgorod talatin icon fenta mai suna Theophane. Novgorod ba shi da sunan barkwanci da Greek - kuma shi ne wuri na haihuwa ya kama, da kuma Rasha kalma master kullum gauraye da Girkanci. Lokacin da zai albarkace, sai ya fara zanen Transfiguration coci cewa ya tsaya a kan Ilyina titi, ya nuna mamaki a gaban Novgorod kamar ban mamaki images na primeval sojojin da kulla shi da daukaka, ba pomerknuvshaya wa yau.

Iconographer s Bosfora gaba

A kan rayuwar Feofana Greka zauna kadan bayanai. An sani cewa sai ya tafi zuwa ga Volkhov ga Volga a Nizhny Novgorod, sa'an nan a cikin Serpukhov da Kolomna, har a karshe ya zauna a Moscow. Amma a ko'ina, duk inda ya nufa kafa, bar baya da wani da kyau fentin Ibada duduba a cikin coci littattafai da gumaka cewa sun zama unattainable koyi ga da yawa daga artists.

Duk da cewa daga lokacin da ya zauna, ya kuma yi aiki Feofan Grek, ya shida ƙarni, mun tsira da yawa daga cikin ayyukansa. Wannan zanen riga aka ambata Novgorod Church of Transfiguration, da frescoes a kan ganuwar da Kremlin Cathedrals - Mala'iku da Gaske Shelar da Church of Our Lady ta Nativity. Amma wasu fiye da cewa a cikin taskar kasa art hada da rubuta ya goga icon, da ya fi shahara na wanda shi ne siffar da albarka Virgin Mary, suka tafi a tarihi a matsayin "The Virgin na Don."

Gift to Prince Dmitry Donskoy

A cikin tarihin wannan ya fi shahara mayen zauna haka kadan da aka sani cewa, daga cikin masu sukar Zagayawar wani iri-iri, ra'ayin a kan ranar da wuri na ta rubuce-rubuce. Akwai ma da skeptics, kokarin kalubalanci marubucinsa Theophanes (a cikin ra'ayi, da tsarkakakkun fuska fentin da daya daga dalibinsa). Duk da haka, na dogon lokaci akwai wani hadisin da za a daidai bisa tarihi da kayan da a baka hadisin, bisa ga abin da shi Feofan Grek halitta wannan fitacciyar, kuma suka aikata haka har 1380.

Me ya sa haka? Amsar za a iya samu a "tarihi bayanin irin Moscow Donskoy sufi", wallafa a 1865 by sanannen tarihi I. E. Zabelinym. A ranar da pages, marubucin ya ambaci wani tsoho rubutum, wanda yayi Magana game da yadda kafin yakin Kulikov Cossacks kawo Grand Duke Dmitriyu Donskomu siffar da albarka Virgin Mary, ta hanyar abin da na sosai sarauniyar sama, bã da Orthodox sojojin ƙarfi da ƙarfin hali a shawo kan villains.

Game da wuri daga cikin Don Uwar Allah bayan da shan kashi na Mamaia a kan Kulikovo filin a 1380, akwai da dama shiriritar. A mafi kusantar da shi shi dauke su daya a karkashin abin da tsarki image kan ɗari biyu da saba'in da shekaru, da aka sa a cikin ɗauka cewa Cathedral Simonov sufi to wanda ya zato da aka rubuta. Yana da daidaituwa ba, tun da icon ne biyu mai gefe, da kuma a kan ta mayar aka rubuta da scene na ɗauka daga cikin Uwar Allah a cikin talakawa Orthodox Church kumshin mafita.

Icon - m na Russia

Next mai haske sabon abu daga cikin icon, wanda aka samu da Dmitry Donskoi kafin yakin Kulikov, yana nufin 1552, a lokacin da, za a ga nasara yaƙi gāba da Kazan Khanate, ya yi addu'a kafin wannan icon Tsar Ivan da Munin. Bayan tambayi Samaniya Advocate Her taimaka, ya tare da shi da kuma image fentin da Theophanes da Girkanci, da kuma zo da baya da kuma sanya shi a cikin Mala'iku Cathedral na Kremlin. Tare da icon na sarki, da kuma a cikin yakin da Polotsk a 1563.

Saboda haka shi ya faranta wa sarauniyar sama, cewa banmamaki image na "Our Lady of Don" ya bayyana a Russia a sau na tsanani soja gwaji, instilling a su ƙarfin hali da kuma albarkace da Orthodox sojojin. Haka ya faru a 1591, lokacin da farko Al'arshi kusata m hordes na Tatar Khan Kazi Giray II. Riga tun da tsawo daga cikin Vorobyovy Hills, sunã kallo predatory ganinsu na Rasha babban birnin kasar, amma Muscovites sun dauka daga cikin babban coci Don icon na Uwar Allah, ya yi tafiya tare da ita procession garun birnin, da kuma sun zama m ga makiya.

Kashegari, a kan Agusta 19, aka kashe a cikin wani mummunan giciye sashe sojojin Tatar Khan, kuma ya kasance tare da saurã daga minions kawai ya tsere, ta hanyar mu'ujiza koma ga Crimea. Duk wannan lokaci Don icon na Uwar Allah ya a cikin regimental coci, ba kuma wanda ya da wani shakka cewa shi ne ta cẽto taimake fitar da makiya daga Rasha gona.

A ƙwaƙwalwar ajiyar da babbar nasara a wurin, inda ya kasance a lokacin yakin da regimental coci, kafa wani sufi wanda ya karbi sunan Don. Domin wannan sabon sufi da aka sanya a jerin tare da banmamaki icon, wanda ya ba shi da sunan da, sa'an nan kuma aka shigar da rana ta bikin vsetserkovnogo - 19 Agusta (1 Satumba). Tun wannan lokacin, Our Lady of Don an girmama matsayin samaniya m na Rasha ƙasar daga duk wanda ya zo da ita tare da wani takobi.

King, pawn matsaloli

Lokacin da, a 1589, bayan mutuwar Tsar Fodora Ioannovicha - da uku dan Ivana Groznogo, aka katse Rurik daular a Rasha, kuma babu komai a gadon sarauta tafi Borisu Godunovu, da farko sarki na Moscow da kuma All Rasha , Ayuba ya sa masa albarka, Sarkin wannan musamman icon. Duk da haka, Boris mulki ya ba farin ciki. Yana da ya zo daidai da wuya lokaci na Rasha tarihi, Kwafa da Lokaci na matsaloli.

Bayan shafe shekaru bakwai a kai na wata al'umma tsage ta biyu kasashen waje da kuma ciki social rikice-rikice, da Sarkin ya mutu a 1605, kafin shekaru hamsin da uku. A Allaha wuri marigayin sarki ya da Kremlin ta Mala'iku Cathedral, inda ya dutsen kabari baƙin cikin shine kallo daga bangon fuskar Don icon na Uwar Allah, ga abin da ya kawai kwanan nan, karkashin incessant ringing na karrarawa, rantsuwa siffantãwa biyayya ga Fatherland.

A farkon sarautar Bitrus I

An sani cewa a farkon sarautar Bitrus I Rasha yake yaƙi da Turkey, wanda ya dauki tsawon shekaru goma sha huɗu da ya zama wani ɓangare na Turai Great Turkish War. Yana fara tare da yaƙin neman zaɓe na Rasha sojojin a cikin Crimea. Ya gangarawa ta da aminci abokin Mamallaki Prince Vasiliy Vasilevich Golitsyn.

Icon na "Our Lady of Don" tare da shi a lokacin da dukan yaƙin neman zaɓe, wanda ya zama na Rasha fitina da ya kudin ta da yawa shafa. Amma cẽto daga cikin Uwar Allah, rinjãyar da shi ta hanyar da hoton da aka adana a cikin alfarwa-manyan, ya taimaki Warriors, albeit da nauyi asarar da, amma ya koma gida, kammala aikin sanya musu da kawance wajibai. A karshe shekaru na XVII karni da banmamaki image gudanar a ɗakunan 'yar'uwar Bitrus I Natalia Alekseevna Tsarina, inda da yawa haihuwa gumaka, da kuma inda ya aka baya canjawa wuri zuwa Gaske Shelar Cathedral na Kremlin da aka tattara.

A rabo daga cikin image a cikin XVIII da XIX ƙarni.

A cikin XVIII da XIX ƙarni, a kan icon a yi amfani da m veneration. Ta yi addu'a da kuma rubuta kalmomi na yabo. Bugu da kari, sanannen image a tsakiyar yawa litattafan da gajejjeran labaru, wasu daga wanda gani ainihin abubuwan da suka faru, cikakken bayani game da abin da aka kõma daga shirin gaskiya kafofin, kamar yadda na 'ya'yan itace na kwatanci na mutane, wanda ya so ya bayyana su da kauna da godiya zuwa sama Mediatrix.

A ado na icon bai hana kudi. An sani cewa zuwa Napoleon mamayewa image aka rufe da arziki albashi da duwatsu masu daraja. A duwatsu da aka sace da Faransa, da kuma bayan su fitar da aka sani kawai zinariya firam ga icon cewa looters kuskure ga tagulla.

Art siffofi icons

An rubuta a kan wani allo sized 86h68 cm. Jawabi na iconographic image fasali, ya kamata a lura da cewa icon "Don Virgin" tana nufin wani irin soma a art Marian icons "tausayi", wanda yake shi ne halayyar alama na fili fuskantar Virgin kuma Her Madawwami Child. Amma da tauhidin muhimmanci muhimmi a cikin gumaka na da irin wannan ke da nisa fiye yau da kullum al'amuran, depicting da uwa da ta yaro ta so.

A wannan yanayin buga wani na gani magana da ka'idodin addini, wanda ya kira da dangantakar Mahaliccin a cikin halittar. Littafi yayi magana akan irin wannan m kaunar Allah zuwa ga mutane da cewa domin ya cece su daga mutuwa ta har abada, ya ba da makaɗaicin Ɗansa, haifaffe shi.

Special solemnity a haɗe Figures yanzu rasa zinariya bango a kan wanda aka nuna a cikin Virgin kuma Child. Yana ba kyau kiyaye da gilding abin da yake rufe halos, amma sa'a, da fuskokin da kuma tufafin sun tsira a cikin mai kyau yanayin.

Compositional da kuma launi icons

Hadedde image na yanke shawara fairly hali na gumaka na wannan recension (canonical iri). Virgin Mary Hugs da danta zaune a kan cinyarta, kuma ta manne mata kunci. Madawwami Child ne wanda aka nuna vozdevshim damansa a albarkar da kuma hannunsa na hagu rike da wani littafin.

Icon Feofana Greka bambanta daga wasu hotuna na image recension tsirara Bogomladentsa kafafu don gwiwa dangane da wani hagu da wuyan hannu Virgin. Folds rufe masa taguwarka ocher - rigunansu, ja layi a ƙarƙashinsu cibiyar sadarwa finely yi aiki da zinariya Lines, kafa a tare da tare da masana'anta launi da kuma blue wasulla kauri da kuma festive look. Yana complements da overall ra'ayi na zinariya yadin da aka saka, quntata littafin.

Daidai da m kuma a lokaci guda da tabawa da nobility wakilta tufafin Virgin. Ta babba alkyabbar - mafory - yi a cikin duhu ceri launuka kuma trimmed da zinariya iyaka, ado da Geza. Uku zinariya taurari, bisa ga al'ada hidima Her ado ado, suna zalla yaudarar hankali. Su alamar madawwami budurci na Uwar Allah - kafin, a lokacin da kuma bayan haihuwar Yesu.

Sabawa daga Byzantine canons

Ya kamata a lura da cewa, bisa ga mafi sukar, fenta Feofan Grek (Byzantine asalin) a cikin aikinsa tafi bayan kafa hadisai na makaranta na Konstantinoful, wanda shi ne master ba da damar da su, don m gwaje-gwajen da karya da canons. Don icon Our Lady ne Firayim misali.

Don yin gyara man fuska siffofin Virgin mafi girma da nishaxi, da magana artist damar wasu jeri na bangaren a wurin da bakin da idanu. Suna ba a layi daya, biyu gumaka na Byzantine Masters, kuma suna located a saman-saukar da gatura. Bugu da kari, cikin bakin da ɗan biya diyya ga dama.

Wadannan alama bai isa a kula da cikakken bayani, amfani da marubucin cikin wani zalla fasaha dalilai su ne, duk da haka, a take hakkin da canons kafa da Church of Konstantinoful da kuma Rum an dauke unacceptable. Kuma da yawa irin wannan misalai a cikin gumaka da frescoes, wanda Feofan Grek rubuta. "Our Lady of Don" - shi ne daya daga cikinsu.

A baya gefen icon

Babban sha'awa ne kuma jefa gefe na hukumar, wanda ya siffanta ɗauka cewa - icon, kamar yadda aka ambata a sama, Duplex. Zane-zane da aka kiyaye sosai fiye da a kan fuskarsa. A bayyane yake cewa zaa iya karanta ko dabara rubutu aikata vermilion. Ya iya sun taka rawa a cikin icon da zarar tsohon albashi, ta sace Faransa a 1812, abin da hidima a matsayin tunatarwa da kawai suke dashi zinariya firam ga icon.

A lokacin da kallon hoton na daukan hankali babu abubuwa gargajiya ga scene. Jagora ba a kunshe a cikin abun da ke ciki na saba a irin haka, images na mala'iku, hawa Manzanni, baqin ciki da mata da yawa da sauran irin wannan halaye. Jamhuriyar ne adadi na Yesu Kristi rike da wani kankanin zapelenovannuyu adadi, NUNA madawwamin rai na Virgin.

Kafin adadi na Almasihu a kan wani gado huta da mutum ya rage daga cikin Virgin, kewaye da Figures daga cikin sha biyun da biyu bishops - sun kasance yanzu, kamar yadda Littattafai, a mutuwa na Virgin Mary. Halin da sassa biyu, waɗanda suke magana da taron gunduma soma a cikin iconography: ginin da aka sanya a kan gefuna da icon na nufin cewa wannan scene faruwa a ɗaka, kuma kyandir kafa kafin gado na Virgin Mary - alama ce ta Fading rayuwa.

The muhawara a kan mawallafi na icon

Shi ne halayyar cewa scene wanda aka nuna a kan Reverse gefen icon, daukawa a sarari karkacewa daga cikin hadisai na Byzantine art. Wannan na farko nuna fuskokin daga Manzanni, hana halayyar Konstantinoful hadisai aristocratic fasali. Kamar yadda ya nanata a cikin ayyukansu, da yawa daga malaman Feofana Greka, su suna ƙara halin da zalla baƙauye dabiu na kowa daga cikin mutanen da na kowa.

Ba mamaki, da mahara da bambance-bambance na ayyuka da Feofana Greka Byzantine canons kuma m hadisai halitta mai yawan sukar tambayar da marubucinsa ayyukan dangana a gare shi. Su ra'ayi ne m, saboda a kan bankunan na Bosphorus artist ba kawai haife, amma kuma fito a matsayin uban iconography - daya kamata ka manta da cewa ya zo a Rasha a farkon shekaru talatin.

Ya brushwork ne mafi cancanta Novgorod makaranta fiye da ƙasarsa ta Byzantine. Perennial tattaunawa a kan batun kada su gushe ba wannan rana, amma da suka mamaye da ra'ayin cewa, kasancewa a cikin wani sabon kasar ga shi kuma da ciwon da samun damar ganin yawa haihuwa icons halitta da Rasha Masters, da artist amfani a cikin aikin su halaye.

Mafi shahara kwafin na icon

An sani cewa a lokacin dogon tarihi na icon da ta dama lists da aka yi. A farkon wanda Dates daga ƙarshen XIV karni. Yana da aka samar da tsari na wani dan uwan na Dmitry Donskoy - Prince Vladimir Andreyevich, da kuma ado da azurfa gilt albashi ne ya kyauta na Triniti-Sergius Lavra.

A cikin sau Ivana Groznogo da umurninsa da aka za'ayi biyu lists, daya daga wanda aka aiko zuwa Kolomna, aka baya rasa, da kuma sauran, a sanya a cikin ɗauka cewa Cathedral, kiyaye wannan rana. Lokacin da sama Patroness a 1591 ya taimaka Muscovites gani da mamayewa na Khan Giray, a kan tabo inda ya tsaya da regimental coci da aka kafa Donskoy sufi, sa'an nan ga shi ya yi wani jerin banmamaki image. Akwai ma da dama kofe na wani daga baya lokacin.

Donskoy sufi adireshin da gida kai tikitin

Soviet lokaci ya zama wani sabon mataki a cikin tarihi na Don Uwar Allah. Tun shekara ta 1919, wannan adadi ne kunshe a cikin tarin da Tretyakov Gallery. A nan shi ne daya daga cikin mafi ƙwarai farfado sashe na Old Rasha zanen. Sau ɗaya a shekara, ran da ya vsetserkovnogo bikin, da image tsĩrar da Donskoy sufi (adireshin :. Moscow, Don Square 1-3), inda kafin yana daukan sanya kauri ibadar, wanda ya kawo tare da dubban mutane. Duk wanda ya, kasancewa a wannan lokaci a cikin Moscow, yana so ya dauki bangare a cikin shi, za a iya samu shiga cikin Convent, suka fito daga tashar jirgin karkashin kasa Shabolovskaya.

Yana da daidaituwa ba wannan ne image na Albarka Virgin a kai musamman soyayya daga Russia. Kamar yadda muka gani a sama, shi ne a ko'ina da tarihi da aka hade da feats na makamai na kare Fatherland, kuma ta hanyar da shi sarauniyar sama ne akai-akai Orthodox Ludu taimako da cẽto.