Forces na Duniya. A gravitational karfi na Duniya

Kowane canji ko da yaushe bukatar wani kokarin. Duk wani canje-canje ba zai faru ba tare da wani tasiri. Kuma bayyananne misali - mu gida duniyar tamu, kafa a ƙarƙashin rinjayar daban-daban dalilai a kan for biliyoyin shekaru. Yana da muhimmanci cewa m canje-canje a cikin matakai na Duniya - shi ne sakamakon ba kawai waje sojojin amma kuma ciki, da wadanda ke boye zurfi a cikin hanjinsu na geosphere.

Kuma idan a cikin biyu ko uku da suka gabata, fuskar duniya tamu ne iya canza cin zarafi, shi a fili ba zai zama superfluous fahimci matakai, da tasiri na wanda ya jagoranci zuwa gare shi.

canza daga cikin

Da duwãtsu, kuma hollows, bumps da roughness, kazalika da yawa wasu siffofin na ƙasar sauƙi - duk abin da aka kullum updated, ya rushe kuma halitta mai iko ciki sojojin. Mafi sau da yawa, su aukuwa zauna a waje mu fannin hangen nesa. Duk da haka, ko da dama a wannan lokacin, da Duniya hankali hõre wasu canje-canje da cewa a cikin dogon gudu zai zama mafi girma.

Tun bayan beingness na zamanin d Romawa da Girkawa da aka gani karfafa da kuma subsidence na sashe daban-daban na lithosphere, haddasa canje-canje a cikin contours tekuna, ƙasar da kuma tekuna. Dogon lokacin da bincike ta amfani da dama hanyoyin fasaha da kuma na'urorin da cikakken tabbatar da wannan.

Height da dutsen jeri

Slow motsi mutum sassan ɓawon burodi hankali take kaiwa zuwa su superposed. A lokacin da fuskantar a kwance motsi, su strata lanƙwasa, crumple da kuma ninka canza kama zuwa daban-daban Sikeli da steepness. Total kimiyya bambanta iri biyu orogenic ƙungiyoyi (orogeny)

• Bulging seams - siffofin da convex folds (ridges) da kuma kwance (concave, ciki a kan dutse yankunan). Shi ne daga wannan, kuma akwai wata sunan folded duwãtsu cewa ana hankali halakar a kan lokaci, ya bar kawai kafuwar. Kan shi da kuma kafa filayen.
• Karaya - da ƙasa samuwar iya ba kawai alagammana a cikin folds, amma kuma hõre laifinsu. Kamar wancan kafa ninka-block (ko kawai blocky) Dutsen: skids, kududdufai, dintsi na su da sauran aka gyara bayyana a cikin tsaye hijirar (dagawa sama / ragewan saukar) sassa na ɓawon burodi game da juna.

Amma ciki da karfi na duniya da yake iya ba kawai crease da kuma filayen da duwãtsu rushe tsohon shaci na tuddai. Movement of lithospheric faranti kuma ba Yunƙurin zuwa da raurawar asa da volcanic eruptions, wanda aka sau da yawa tare da m devastation da mutum mutuwar.

Karsh daga cikin hanjinsu

Yana da wuya a kwatanta cewa ya saba domin kowane mutum da Kalmar "aman wuta", a zamanin da ya kasance mafi menacing sautin. A farko, da gaskiya hanyar da sabon abu na al'ada dangantawa da fushi daga cikin gumaka. Spewing daga zurfin magma gudana dauke azãba mai tsanani ga infractions kan mutãne. Catastrophic asarar saboda volcanic eruptions da aka sani tun da asuba mu zamanin. Saboda haka, misali, da m Roman birnin Pompeii an share daga fuskar duniya. A ƙarfi daga cikin duniya a wancan lokacin saukar da crushing ikon da yanzu sanannun aman wuta Vesuvius. Af, da marubucinsa ajalin tarihi tanada Romawa. Sai suka kira su bautawa na wuta.

Domin na zamani mutumin da aman wuta - a mazugi-dimbin yawa tudun kan fasa a cikin haushi. Ta hanyar su zuwa surface na duniya, da teku, ko teku bene erupting magma da gas da kuma dutse da wani ɓaɓɓake. A tsakiyar wannan ilimi shi ne bakin dutse (daga Girkanci - "kofin"), ta hanyar abin da akwai wani watsi. Lokacin da magma solidifies, shi ya jũya a cikin lawa kuma siffofin da shaci na aman wuta. Duk da haka, ko da a kan gangara wannan mazugi ne sau da yawa fasa, game da shi, kafa parasitic craters.

Popular sau da yawa da shigowa tare da wata girgizar kasa. Amma mafi girma hatsari ga dukan abubuwa masu rai ne kawai watsi daga Earth. A saki na gas daga magma ne musamman da sauri, don haka iko fashewar daga baya - sananne.

By irin mataki volcanoes an rarraba su zuwa dama iri:

• Operating - wadanda daga karshe shigowa da wanda akwai shirin gaskiya shaida. Mafi shahara a cikinsu: Vesuvius (Italy), Popocatepetl (Mexico), Etna (Spain).
• Wuraren da akwai aiki - shiga wuya (sau daya a kowace 'yan shekara dubu).
• Dadaddun - wannan shi ne matsayi na volcanoes, na karshe shigowa da wanda shirin gaskiya shaida ba a kiyaye su.

da tasiri na girgizar ƙasa

Canjawa kankara sau da yawa tsokane m da karfi da hawa da sauka a cikin duniya a ɓawon burodi. Wannan na faruwa mafi sau da yawa a yankin na high duwãtsu - wadannan yankunan muna ci gaba da ci gaba da kafa.

A haifuwa daga canjawa a cikin duniya a ɓawon burodi ne ake kira da hypocenter zurfin (hearth). Daga shi na goyon bayan taguwar ruwa da haifar da vibrations. cibiyar - batun da a ƙasa, kai tsaye a karkashin abin da cibiyar da aka located. A wannan wuri akwai ƙarfafan tremors. Kamar yadda kara daga wannan lokaci suka smoothly Fading.

Kimiyya seismology, da karatunsa sabon abu na girgizar ƙasa, ya gano uku main iri raurawar ƙasa:

1. Tectonic - orogenic babban factor. Yana da sakamakon da karo na Oceanic da kuma nahiyar dandamali.
2. Volcanic - haifar da daga ja-zafi lawa gudana, da kuma iskar gas daga subsurface. Yawancin lokaci suna quite rauni, ko da yake zai ɗauki wasu makonni. Mafi sau da yawa ne harbingers na eruptions na aman wuta, wanda shi ne fraught tare da nisa fiye da tsanani sakamakon.
3. Landslip - bayyana daga rushewar babba yadudduka na duniya rufe da voids kansu.

A ƙarfi da girgizar asa aka ƙaddara a kan sikelin Richter ta amfani da seismological instrumentation. Kuma mafi amplitude na cikin tãguwar ruwa generated a cikin ƙasa ta surface, haka nan muradinka zai kasance da lalacewa. A mafi raunin girgizar kasa, ya auna a 1-4 maki, za a iya watsi da. Sun rubuta musamman m seismological kida. Domin mutanen da suke bayyana a cikin nau'i na a kalla girgiza gilashin ko dan kadan motsi batutuwa. A cikin Mafiya yawa na su ne gaba daya ganuwa zuwa ido.

Bi da bi, da hawa da sauka a cikin 5-7 maki iya da kyau haifar da wani iri-iri na raunin da ya faru, ko qananan. Karfi da raurawar asa riga gagarumar barazana, da barin wani hasãra gini, kusan gaba daya halakar da ababen more rayuwa da kuma mutum hasarori.

A shekara Seismology domin yin rijista dubu 500, a duniya ɓawon burodi oscillations. Abin farin, kawai a karo na biyar na cewa yawan zahiri ji da mutane da kuma kawai 1,000 na su kawo real lalacewa.

Žara koyo game da abin da rinjayar mu na kowa gidan daga waje

Ci gaba da canza duniya ta topography, ciki ƙarfi daga cikin Duniya ba ya zama tafin kafa kashi. Kai tsaye da hannu a cikin wannan tsari, kuma da yawa waje dalilai.

Tanã darkake yawa magudi da kuma ciko karkashin kasa cavities, suka gabatar da wani gagarumin taimako ga aiwatar da ci gaba da canji na duniya ta surface. Shi ne ya kamata a lura da cewa a cikin Bugu da kari to gudãna ruwa, iska da kuma yankunan da mataki na nauyi, kai tsaye a kan su guda duniya da kuma mũ mãsu aiki ne.

ƙẽƙasasshen iska

Halakar da kuma hira da dutse, yafi faruwa a ƙarƙashin rinjayar weathering. Yana ba ya yin halitta sabon siffofin taimako, amma ta halakar da daskararru zuwa sako-sako da yanayin.

A bude sarari inda babu gandun daji da kuma sauran cikas, yashi, kuma lãka barbashi da taimakon iskõki iya tafiya mai nisa. Daga bisani, sai suka samar da gungu aeolian landforms (ajalin ya zo daga Girkanci bautãwa Aeolus - m iskõki).

Misali - m tuddai. Dunes a jeji ne na musamman a ƙarƙashin rinjayar iska. A wasu lokuta, su tsawo ya kai daruruwan mita.

A wannan hanyar zai iya tara sedimentary dutse adibas, kunsha na wãtsarwa. Bã su da wani grayish-yellow launi da ake kira rawayar} asa.

Ya kamata a tuna da cewa, motsi a high gudun, iri-iri na barbashi ba kawai tara a cikin sabon samuwar, amma kuma a hankali halakar da ci karo a cikin hanyar topography.

Weathering na kankara ne daga iri hudu:

1. Chemical - ta'allaka ne da sinadaran halayen tsakanin ma'adanai da kuma yanayi (ruwa, da iskan shaqa, da carbon dioxide). A sakamakon haka, da kankara hallaka, su sinadaran yayan sha canje-canje da kara samuwar sabuwar ma'adanai da kuma mahadi.
2. Jiki - inji sa rushewar kankara a ƙarƙashin rinjayar da yawan abubuwan. A farko jiki weathering faruwa a lokacin da babba zazzabi bambancin lokacin da rana. Wind, tare da raurawar asa, da volcanic eruptions da mudslides kama dalilai ne na zahiri weathering.
3. Halittu - za'ayi tare da sa hannu na masu rai, wanda aiki take kaiwa zuwa halittar wani qualitatively sabon samuwar - gona. Effect na shuke-shuke da dabbobi da aka nuna a cikin inji matakai: crushing rawa mayar da hooves, digging ramuka, da dai sauransu Musamman a manyan-sikelin nazarin halittu rawa weathering ne da mulkin kananan kwayoyin halitta ...
4. Radiation, ko hasken rana weathering. A misali na dutse halaka a karkashin irin wannan daukan hotuna - Lunar regolith. Bugu da kari, da radiation weathering tsoma ma a kan baya aka ambata nau'i uku.

Duk wadannan iri weathering sau da yawa ya bayyana a hade, a hade a daban-daban bambancin. Duk da haka, daban-daban yanayin damina kuma zai shafi wani ta predominance. Alal misali, a yankunan da bushe sauyin yanayi da kuma babban dutse yankunan sau da yawa ci karo da jiki weathering. Domin yankuna da colder canjin yanayin inda yanayin zafi sau da yawa canza zuwa 0 digiri Celsius, halin ba kawai by sanyi yashewa, amma kuma a hade tare da kwayoyin sunadarai.

gravitational effects

Babu jerin waje sojojin a kan wannan duniya tamu ba zai zama cikakken ba tare da ya ambaci da muhimman hakkokin hulda da duk kayan abubuwa - ne gravitational karfi na Duniya.

Halakar da yawa na halitta da kuma mutum ya dalilai, da kankara ne ko da yaushe batun da motsi na ƙasa daga upland yankunan kan ƙananan. Saboda haka generated da landslides, tarkace, ya zauna faru landslides. A gravitational karfi na Duniya da farko duba iya ze wani abu marar ganuwa kan bango na iko da kuma m manifestations na sauran waje dalilai. Amma duk da haka duk da tasiri a taimako na duniya za kawai za a baje ba tare da nauyi.

Za mu fahimci a more daki-daki tare da tasiri cewa exerts nauyi. A cikin yanayi na duniya tamu nauyin wani abu jiki ne daidai da karfi na janye na Duniya. A gargajiya makanikai, wannan hulda bayyana duk aka sani a makaranta, Newton ta dokar duniya gravitation. A cewar shi, F daidai da samfurin na nauyi a cikin m g, inda m - taro na abu, kuma g - hanzari na free fall (ko da yaushe daidaita 10). A ƙarfi daga cikin Duniya ta surface nauyi rinjayar duk jiki located kai tsaye a kan shi, da kuma rufe shi. Idan a jiki rinjayar kawai gravitational janye (da duk sauran sojojin suna da tarayyar daidaita), shi ne hõre free-fall. Amma abin da ya manufa da wani yanayi inda sojoji aiki a jiki a farfajiya na Duniya, a gaskiya, biya diyya, halayyar da injin. A yau da kullum gaskiya da muke da su fuskanci quite a daban-daban halin da ake ciki. Alal misali, a kan fadowa abu a cikin iska na shafar biyu da tamanin da iska juriya. Kuma ko da yake har yanzu tilasta Duniya ta nauyi zai zama yawa karfi, wannan jirgin ba zai zama da gaske free by definition.

Abin sha'awa, sakamakon nauyi ba ya wanzu ne kawai a cikin yanayin duniya tamu, amma kuma a matakin mu da hasken rana tsarin a matsayin dukan. Alal misali, abin da mafi janyo hankalin da watã? Duniya ko Sun? Rashin a kimiyya digiri a fannin ilmin taurari, da yawa za su lalle ne, haƙĩƙa yi mamaki da amsar.

Saboda karfi na janye Duniya da tauraron dan adam da hasken rana da ake samu kamar 2.5 sau! Shi ne m yi tunani game da yadda za ta samaniya jiki bai rabu da Moon daga wannan duniya tamu da irin wannan karfi da tasiri? Bayan duk, a wannan batun, da darajar da yake daidai da gravitational karfi na Duniya dangi da tauraron dan adam, shi ne yawa na baya zuwa cewa na rana. Abin farin, kimiyya ne zai iya amsa wannan tambaya.

Irfanin astronautics domin irin wannan lokuta yana amfani da dama Concepts:

• Bigiren jiki M1 - kewaye yankin a kusa da abu M1, a cikin wanda motsi abu ne m.
• M jiki - wani abu motsi da yardar kaina a cikin ikon yinsa, daga cikin abu M1.
• M2 jiki - abu, exert da damuwa da tasiri a motsi.

Zai ze - ya zama hukunci karfi nauyi. Duniya janyo hankalin Moon ne yawa weaker fiye da hasken rana, amma akwai wani al'amari, wanda yana da karshe tasiri.

A dukan ainihi shi ne don tabbatar da cewa M2 neman karya da gravitational dangantaka tsakanin abubuwa m da M1 da bada su daban-daban accelerations. A darajar wannan siga dogara da nisa zuwa abu M2. Duk da haka, bambanci tsakanin mahara daukar kwayar cutar jikin accelerations m M2 da M1 ne karami fiye da bambanci na accelerations m da M1 kai tsaye a karshen nauyi. Wannan nuance ne dalilin da ya sa M2 ba zai iya yaga m daga M1.

Tunanin wani matsayi kama da Duniya (M1), da rãnã (M2) da kuma Moon (m). Bambanci na accelerations, wanda halitta rãnã zumunta a cikin ƙasa, kuma da watã, 90 sau kasa fiye da talakawan hanzari, wanda suke halayyar da watã dangi da duniya ta fannin aikin (da diamita - 1 da miliyan kilomita, da nisa tsakanin Duniya da kuma Moon - 0,38 miliyan kilomita). A muhimmiyar rawa ba taka da karfi tare da abin da ƙasã ke janyo hankalin da watã, kuma mafi yawansu, cikin hanzari bambanci tsakanin su. Saboda wannan da Sun iya kawai deform sararin samaniya na da watã, amma bai yi shi daga wannan duniya tamu.

Bari mu je ko da kara: alãmõmin nauyi a cikin sãɓãwar launukansa digiri halayyar da wasu abubuwa a cikin hasken rana tsarin. Abin da daidai shi rinjayar, Ganin cewa a cikin karfi na nauyi a duniya ne sosai daban-daban daga abin da na sauran duniyoyi?

Wannan zai shafi ba kawai da motsi na kankara da kuma samuwar sabuwar siffofin taimako, amma kuma a kan su nauyi. Dole a lura cewa wannan siga da aka ƙaddara da nauyi. Shi ne kai tsaye na gwargwado ga taro na dauke duniya da kuma inversely na gwargwado ga square na ta guda radius.

Kuma bã dõmin mu duniya mĩƙe a zura sandunan da kuma miƙa kusa ekweita, nauyin jiki a kan dukan surface na duniya zai zama guda. Amma ba mu zama a cikin wani cikakken ball, da kuma Equatorial radius ne fiye da Arctic for game da 21 km. Saboda nauyin wannan abu zai kasance mutum a zura sandunan da ekweita ne mafi sauki. Amma har a cikin wadannan biyu da maki, da karfi na nauyi a kan Duniya bambanta dan kadan. Miniscule bambanci a cikin nauyi na wannan abu zai iya kawai za a auna yin amfani da wani spring balance.

Yana da quite daban-daban halin da ake ciki cikin sharuddan da sauran duniyoyi. Domin tsabta, mun kira da hankali ga Mars. Mass ja duniyar tamu 9,31 sau kasa, a cikin ƙasa, da kuma radius - wani 1,88 sau karami. A farko factor, bi da bi, shi ne don rage karfi da nauyi a kan Mars idan aka kwatanta da wannan duniya tamu a 9.31 sau. A daidai wannan lokaci na biyu factor a karuwa da ta 3,53 sau (1.88 Squared). A sakamakon haka, da karfi na nauyi a kan Mars ne game da daya bisa uku na Duniya (3.53: 9.31 = 0.38). Haka kuma, da dutse taro a duniya tare da 100 kg za ku auna nauyi a kan Mars daidai 38 kg.

Ba abin da ikon ne muhimmi a Duniya nauyi, shi za a iya kwatanta a wani guda jere tsakanin Uranus da Venus (da janye na duniya ne kasa da 0.9 sau) da kuma Neptune da Jupiter (da suka ja fiye da mu a cikin 1.14 da kuma 2.3 sau, bi da bi). The karami rinjayar nauyi alama Pluto - a 15.5 sau kasa da Duniya ta muhalli. Amma karfi janye da ake gyarawa a kan rana. Yana wuce mu 28 sau. A wasu kalmomin, da jiki nauyi na 70 kg a duniya akwai zai potyazhelel game 2 tons.

A karkashin wata kwance Layer na ruwa saukad ta hanyar

Wani muhimmin al'amari na mahalicci kuma hallakar da taimako a lokaci - motsi ruwa. Yana gudana a cikin motsi samar da wata m kogin kwaruruka, canyons da gorges. Duk da haka, ko da adadi kaɗan na shi a leisurely motsi iya kafa wani kwazazzabo taimako a wuri na filayen.

Punching your hanya, ta hanyar duk da cikas - ba kawai gefen sakamako na igiyoyin. Wannan waje karfi ne kuma mukaddashin matsayin transporter dutse, niƙaƙƙun gaɓãɓuwa. Tun kafa daban-daban taimako samuwar (msl, lebur tuddanta, kuma growths tare kõguna).

Special hanyar tasiri gudãna ruwa da shafi narkewa kankara (farar ƙasa, alli, gypsum, dutse gishiri) ayi kusa da kasa. River sannu a hankali cire su daga hanya, sunã gaggãwa zuwa zurfin na Duniya ta ciki. Wannan sabon abu ne da ake kira karst, a sakamakon shi halitta sabon landforms. Kogwanni da sinkholes, stalactites da stalagmites, abyss kuma cikin karkashin kasa tafkunan ruwa - duk da wannan ne sakamakon dogon da karfi aiki daga ruwa talakawa.

kankara factor

Tare da ruwa wani mai ɓuɓɓuga, kankara dauki ba kasa shiga a cikin halaka, kai kuma shaida na kankara. Kamar wancan ne samar da sabon siffofin taimako, suka shimfiɗa? Kankara, samar da moraine tuddai, ridges da kuma hollows. Wadannan sau da yawa suna cike da ruwa, juya cikin glacial tabkuna.

Halakar kankara ta glacial kira Gouge (glacial yashewa). By iya shiga cikin kogin kwaruruka, shi fallashi su kankara gado, da garun zuwa karfi matsa lamba. Friable barbashi tsage kashe, wani ɓangare daga gare su, to daskare kuma da ita taimakawa wajen fadada daga cikin zurfin kasa zuwa bango. A sakamakon haka, kogin kwaruruka dauki kamannin kalla juriya domin gabatarwa na kankara - ƙullunku-dimbin yawa profile. Ko, bisa ga kimiyya sunan, glacial kududdufai.

Narkewa glaciers taimaka wa Zander - bayyana tsarin kunshi daskararre ruwa tara a cikin barbashi na yashi.

Mu ne waje karfi na Duniya

Ganin ciki sojojin aiki a kan Duniya, da kuma waje dalilai, yana da lokaci zuwa ambaci kai da ni - wanda ba na farko dozin shekaru kawo gagarumin canje-canje a cikin rayuwar duniya.

Duk siffofin taimako, halitta ta mutum, ya kira anthropogenic (daga Girkanci anthropos - mutumin, genesisum - asali, da kuma Latin factor - kasuwanci). Yau zaki ya share na da irin wannan aiki ne da za'ayi ta yin amfani da fasahar zamani. Kuma sabon aukuwa, bincike, da kuma ban sha'awa taimakon kudi daga masu zaman kansu / jama'a kafofin samar da m ci gaba. Kuma wannan, bi da bi, kullum stimulates karuwa a cikin kudi na anthropogenic mutum tasiri.

Musamman da fallasa su canje-canje a filayen. Wannan yanki ya kasance kullum wani fifiko ga mazauna, gina gidaje da kuma kayayyakin more rayuwa. Haka kuma, shi ya zama kullum yi na yi na embankments da kuma wucin gadi leveling na taimako.

Canza yanayi da kuma ga manufar hakan ma'adinai. Tare da taimakon fasahar mutane tono babbar sana'a, ya fadi na sukar shafts, sa mounds a ƙasa sharar dutse dumps.

Sau da yawa sikelin da ayyukan mutane da suke daidai da tasiri na halitta tafiyar matakai. Alal misali, ta zamani, fasaha ci gaba taimaka mana don ƙirƙirar babbar tashoshi. Kuma ga wani ya fi guntu lokaci, a lokacin da idan aka kwatanta da wannan samuwar kogin kwari na ruwa ya kwarara.

Matakai karaya topography, kira a matsayin yashewa, ƙwarai dada tabarbare mutum aiki. Da farko cikin illar da fallasa gona. Wannan na taimaka plowing gangara sha musantawa deforestation, immoderate dabbõbin shanu, kwanciya gaban daɓen. Bugu da ari ninkawa ta kara yashewa na taki na yi (musamman a cikin shiri na na zama gidaje, wanda ya bukatar irin wannan ƙarin aiki, kamar grounding, a cikin abin da daukar ikon ƙasa juriya).

A karni na karshe da aka alama ta yashewa na game da wani uku na duniya horar da ƙasar. A mafi m daga wadannan matakai faru a manyan m yankunan Rasha, Amurka, China da kuma India. Abin farin, matsalar na ƙasar yashewa rayayye jawabi a matakin kasa da kasa. Duk da haka, babban taimako ga rage tareda žata effects a kan ƙasa da kuma sake kafa a baya halakar da yankunan zai kawo bincike, sabuwar fasahar da kuma hanyoyin da su aikace-aikace ilimi mutum.