Galapagos finch: The Origin of Species. A dalilan da bambance-bambance a cikin tsarin da baki

Saboda gaskiya cewa da Galapagos Islands sun taba kasance wani ɓangare na babban yankin, da kuma fito daga ciwon hanji na ƙasa, kuma Flora da fauna ne na musamman. Mafi yawa daga cikin wakilan ne endemic, da kuma fiye da ko ina kuma a duniya ba faruwa. Wadannan sun hada da daban-daban da kuma Darwin ta kananan tsuntsaye. Suna farko aka bayyana da Charles Darwin, wanda ya gano da darajar da ka'idar juyin halitta.

Origin of Species

Wadan kungiyar na kananan tsuntsaye, wasu masana kimiyya koma zuwa iyali emberizidae, wasu - don Tanager. Na biyu sunan - Darwin - da suka samu godiya ta zuwa ga discoverer. Sun kuma m masanin kimiyyar ya yi mamaki tsibiran yanayi. Ya nuna cewa duk abin da kananan tsuntsaye a Galapagos Islands da magabata, samu a nan fiye da miliyan 2 da suka wuce daga cikin mafi kusantar nahiyar, wato, mafi m, daga Kudancin Amirka.

Dukan tsuntsayen ne kananan, jiki tsawon Averages 10-20 cm Babban bambancin, wanda ya sa Charles Darwin ra'ayin kebantaccen -. A siffar da size daga tsuntsãye baki. Sun bambanta ƙwarai, kuma shi damar da kowane irin zauna su raba muhalli alkuki. Bugu da kari, akwai bambance-bambance a cikin launi na gashinsa (baki da launin ruwan kasa launuka fi) da kuma vocalizations. Kallon tsuntsaye, da masanin kimiyyar da shawarar cewa da farko tsibirin daya kadai da ya jinsunan kananan tsuntsaye. Yana hankali watsu a cikin tarin tsiburai, adapting to daban-daban mazauninsu yanayi. Duk da haka, shirye-da-rai a cikin yanayi mai wahala ba duk na Darwin ta kananan tsuntsaye. Beaks - da cewa shi ne babban rarrabẽwa zabin yanayi. A cikin gwagwarmayar rayuwa amfani da shi ya cikin wadanda nau'in a wadda ake dace da na gida abinci. Wasu mutane sun samu dama tsaba, yayin da wasu - da kwari. A sakamakon haka shi da tsagawa da bigiren (kakanninmu) nau'in a dama wasu, kuma kowane daga cikinsu ya ƙware a wani takamaiman abinci tushe.

A sakamakon bincike da kuma binciken kadan Galapagos finch ya shigo duniya na nazarin halittun tarihi da kuma m, kuma m tsibirin ya zama wani bude-iska dakin gwaje-gwaje da cewa shi ne manufa domin lura da sakamakon juyin tafiyar matakai.

zamani view

Wahayi zuwa gare Charles Darwin ta ka'idar juyin halitta kananan tsuntsaye rayayye taimake kimiyyar zamani a tabbatar. A kalla magana game da wannan masanin kimiyya daga Jami'ar Princeton Peter Grant da kuma abokan aiki.

Su gudanar da bincike, sun tabbatar da cewa hanyar da jinsuna daban na Galapagos kananan tsuntsaye ne a cikin abinci tushe da kuma gwagwarmayar da shi tsakanin daban-daban alƙarya. A aikinsu, suka ce cewa a cikin wani in mun gwada gajeren lokaci da daya daga cikin jinsunan tsuntsaye irin canje-canje sun faru. finch baki size ya canza a sakamakon cewa tsibirin riba fafatawa a gasa, da kuma abinci da aka iyakance. Sai da na ɗauki shekaru 22, da cewa tsarin juyin halitta ne kusan daidai wani lokaci. A finch baki rage a cikin size, kuma sun kasance iya janye daga gasar ta zuwa wani daban-daban abinci.

A sakamakon fiye da shekaru 33 na aikin da aka buga a mujallar Science. Sun tabbatar da muhimmiyar rawar da gasar a aiwatar da samuwar sabon nau'in.

Yana breeds a tsibirin babban adadin kananan tsuntsaye, kuma dukansu suna da endemic, amma ya fi kowa ne uku main iri duniya-motsi kungiyar. Bari mu tattauna su a mafi daki-daki.

Manyan murtsunguwa finch

A kananan songbird (hoton sama) ya na zaune a hudu tsibirin na tarin tsiburai, da kuma yadda za ka iya tsammani daga muƙamin, ta rayuwa ne a hankali da alaka da murtsunguwa. Wannan Galapagos finch amfani da su ba kawai a matsayin tsari amma kuma abinci (ya'yan itatuwa da furanni). Baki oblong siffar, da karfi, shi ne mafi kyau dace domin samun kwari da tsaba. Black, da launin toka spots a mace.

Medium ƙasa finch

Wannan shi ne wani irin singing kananan tsuntsaye, gano by Charles Darwin a Galapagos Islands. A tsarin da baki ne Mai ƙarfi, mai iko, Fit ga danna na kananan size tsaba. Dalili na rage cin abinci kamar yadda kwari (musamman, da ya tattara da parasites daga fata conolophus da kunkuru), da kuma berries. A cewar 'yan karatu, shi ne irin wannan na iya zama mai kyau misali na farkon sympatric kebantaccen. Akwai biyu alƙarya (morphs) da suke dan kadan daban-daban tsarin da baki. Duk da haka, wannan ya haifar da wani bambanci a cikin tsarkakewa. A sakamakon haka, mutane na biyu alƙarya rayuwa a wannan yankin, amma mafi yawa kawai haye cikin morphs.

Sharpbeak ƙasa finch

Amazing Galapagos finch da aka fi sani ga daya daga cikin subspecies - septentrionalis. Its rage cin abinci kunshi yafi na jini na sauran dabbobi da suke zaune a tsibirin, musamman gannets. Sharp da bakin ciki baki da suka kawai tsunkule kashe fata dai shi ya fara jinni. Kamar wancan ne m hanya suka rama domin jiki ta bukatar a cikin wani ruwa, wanda SUPPLiES da tsibiran ne musamman kananan. Mai yiwuwa, wannan hali ya samo asali a sakamakon abinci parasites, wanda tsuntsaye kyankyasar kwan a sauran dabbobi.

Mun irin kallon jima'i dimorphism: Shin mazan su ne mafi yawa black gashinsa, da mãtã - m da launin ruwan kasa aibobi.

camarhynchus

A HALITTAR kunshi shida ma'aura dukansu su ne wadan da samu ne kawai a cikin Galapagos Islands. A Fauna da Flora, ta wurin ne sosai m da kuma sauƙi hallaka lokacin da rarrabe a gare su. Za a ci gaba a ware su daga duniya na tsibirin bukatar kariya da kuma kiyayewa. A musamman, da mangrove itace finch ne a halin yanzu a karkashin barazana da nau'i nau'i. Kananan m tsuntsu tare da zaitun, ƙirjinka rayuwa a kan kawai daya tsibirin - Isabela, da yawan girman game da 140 mutane.

Ban sha'awa shi ne hanyar da Galapagos finch ciyarwa. Ya fi son manyan kwari larvae, wanda fita daga karkashin haushi na itace ne wani lokacin wuya, don haka shi yana amfani da musamman kayan aikin (da sandunansu, twigs, ciyawa), wanda hikima ya haƙa a ciki. Hakazalika zo da wani tsuntsu da wannan irin - da woodpecker finch (hoton), wanda ya fi son a yi amfani da ciki har da spines na wani murtsunguwa.