Denisova kõgon a Altai. Denisova kõgon - archeological abin tunawa daga cikin Altai Mountains

A cikin zuciya na Asia, inda ta fara da Altai duwãtsu, a wani picturesque kwarin Anouilh ne sanannen Denisova kõgon. An located a kan iyakar Ust-Kan da Soloneshensky District, kusa da kauyen na Black Anuj (4 km) da kuma 250 km daga garin Biisk. Denisova kõgon yakan 670 mita saman teku matakin.

Asalin sunan

Bisa ga tsoho labari, shi ne sunan da kogon da aka saboda gaskiyar cewa a karshen da XVIII karni can ya rayu wani Old mu'mini - sufi Diyonisiyas, ɗan majalisar (Denis a duniya). Ya kasance wani fasto na Conservatives na kauyuka, da kuma Kerzhaks sau da yawa ya zo ya cell ga shawara da kuma albarka. A farkon karni XIX ga Denisova kõgon a Altai firistoci da mishaneri daina jin wani amfani.

A lokaci guda a cikin 1926, yayin da tafiya ta cikin Altai, a wani kogo ziyarci shahararren Rasha da kuma Soviet tarihi da kuma mai girma artist N. K. Rerih.

Yan unguwa kira kogon Ayu-Tash, wanda fassara a matsayin "The Bear ta Stone". Daga tsara zuwa tsara su aika da da al'adar cewa a nan a zamanin da zaune da Black Shaman - fushi da iko sosai. Ya iya a kowane lokaci juya zuwa wata babbar bear. Wannan villain na kasa labari mulki a kan Altaic nomad sansanonin, tilasta su biya wata babbar haraji.

Idan ya ba ku yi ɗã'ã, ya yi amfani ne da sihirinSa tattara sama da kogo girgije, ya sculpted daga gare su ta wani babban dutse da kuma birgima sama da shi zuwa gindin dutsen. Ina sa da dutse hanya, ba su daina saukar aradu, wanda ya hallaka makiyaya da kuma amfanin gona.

Matsananciyar mutane suka fara yin addu'a domin taimako daga cikin manyan bautãwa - Ulgen, suka gudanar kayar azzalumi. Hadiri dutse ya boye a amince a cikin m kogo galleries.

Hakika, wannan shi ne kawai wani labari dake rike da Denisova kõgon. Soloneshensky District (Altai Abuja), kuma mafi musamman mazaunan kauyen dake kusa dasu (Black Anouilh), sau da yawa ake zargi da archaeologists, wanda shekaru da yawa, "wani abu tona a cikin kogo." A kauyen yi imani da cewa shi ne archaeologists ne da laifin tareda žata weather, a gaskiya, bisa ga su, shi ne isa zuwa ga karya daga shamanic dutse quite kankanin bit - da kuma shawa tabbas ne na kwana biyu.

Altay, Denisova kõgon: description

A daya daga cikin gangaren dutse, 'yan mita sama da hanya yayi wani m ƙofar kogon. Its yanki - 270 murabba'in mita. m, tsawon - 110 mita. Kogon yana da wani "tsakiyar zauren" a ƙofar da biyu karami tududa cikin dutsen.

Ke wakiltar a gaban

A mafi girma sha'awa ga archaeologists wakiltar, located a ƙofar. Yana za a iya isa ga ta da foramen ovale. Girma mainsail -. 32h7 tsawo da nisa daga cikin arches qara da nesa labari. A widest wani ɓangare kai 11 mita.

A wakiltar yana da dama rassan. Biyu na su - shi ne mai kai tsaye ci gaba da kogon. A cikin sama ɓangare akwai wani ta hanyar rami tare da diamita dan kadan fiye da mita. A bravest matafiya hawa da sha'awan da m ra'ayoyi. Ta hanyar wannan bude, da kogon da ke shiga cikin halitta haske, don haka mafi yawan shi ne da an rufe. Ga ko'ina cikin shekara ne bushe, da ke wakiltar ne, kamar a cikin tsohon kwana, mai kyau na halitta tsari ga dabbobi da mutane, kariya daga yanayin.

Da farko ya yi aiki a nan Geophysics "Rang" kogo, yin amfani da shi musamman kayan aiki, da kuma yanke shawarar cewa tsakiyar zauren da haskoki na gallery - shi ne kawai farkon wata babbar wõfintattu, da barin zurfi a cikin dutse. Yanzu wadannan ciki rami ne gaba daya inundated tare da wata babbar Layer na laka.

bincike

A farkon bincike a cikin Denisova kõgon a Altai yankin (a cikin tsakiyar dakin) da aka sani Siberian masanin binciken burbushin halittu Nicholas gadflies suka dage farawa na farko da biyu bincike rami da kuma sanya ma'aunai samuwa a lokacin da na halitta ƙasa samuwar a 1978. A lokaci guda, archaeologists sun yi nazari a kan abu, wanda aka jagorancin Academician A. P. Okladnikov.

A babban sha'awa ko da yaushe taso masana kimiyya Altai Mountains kogon. Denisova kogo bayan na farko da karatu hankali ya shiga cikin tarihi na duniya na ilmin kimiya na kayan tarihi.

Alal misali, a can aka samu cikin tsofaffin al'adu yadudduka na mutum habitation a Siberia. A nasa ne da Paleolithic zamanin, kuma ya haihuwa yana da 282.000 shekaru. A baya can, akwai wani ka'idar cewa zamanin d mutane a yankin ba zai iya bayyana a baya fiye 50-30 shekara dubu BC. e. A tono ya nuna cewa, a zamanin da na Shefela da Altai rufe deciduous gandun daji, wadda girma hornbeam, manchzhursky gyada, itacen oak da arewacin jinsunan bamboo. A Arewa Asia, mutum ya zauna Nearnderthal zamanin da aka samu.

Masana kimiyya yi imani da cewa Denisova kogo - archeological abin tunawa daga cikin Altai Mountains. Yana da aka gano fiye da 50,000 dutse kayayyakin gargajiya, daban-daban ado sanya daga kashi. taru a babban tarin dabbobi masu shayarwa ƙasũsuwa. Hakika, da ban sha'awa binciken - taskar baƙin ƙarfe abubuwa da cewa ya kasance a cikin XIV karni, wani rami a wadda don adana hatsi na wannan lokaci, wani tagulla wuka.

A amfani da kogo a daban-daban sau

A IV-III Millennium, a lokacin da Afanasiev al'adu, Denisova kogo aka yi amfani a matsayin tsari ga makiyaya da 'ya'yan dabbõbi. Don ci gaba da ciki na dabbobi masu garu kashe free kogwanni da maharibai. Makiyaya farauta dabbobin daji, da na tumaki nama ci abinci kawai a matsayin karshe mafaka, a lokacin da farauta ya m. Wannan ya tabbatar da wani mashin da kibiyoyi. A yumbu tasoshin adana ruwa. Domin butchering amfani da dutse don, wanda aka sanya a nan. Wannan ne evidenced da sharar gida kayayyakin, wanda aka same ta archeologists.

Har yanzu talauci gane yadda za a yi amfani da kogon 'yan qasar al'adu na Bronze Age.

Domin da Scythian lokaci ne halin da iko al'adu adibas, isharar shafe tsawon mutum tsaya a cikin kogo. Yana da wani mangaza abinci kayayyaki - nama, hatsi da kuma kiwo kayayyakin, kamar yadda ko da yaushe ya low zazzabi.

Huns da Turks amfani da wannan halitta abu ga al'ada bikin. By yawan archeological binciken, matakin da darajar da kimiyya, masana kimiyya da dama sukan danganta wannan ban mamaki kogo da pyramids na zamanin d Misira. Mutane da yawa sun gaskata cewa sakamakon tono da za'ayi a cikin Denisova kõgon, jama'a gane kamar yadda kasa sa mamaki fiye da Masar. Duk da haka, an samu wani abu da ya sa quite a dama a duniyar kimiyya.

ban samu

Archaeologists sun gano daga goma sha ɗaya Layer a cikin kogo da ya rage daga wani baya ba a sani ba irin na zamanin d adam kimiyya. A wannan, masana kimiyya ya ruwaito a cikin mujallar Nature a 2010. Mutane daga Denisova kõgon daidai m genetically daga biyun da Nearnderthal da kuma na zamani da Homo sapiens. By wannan ra'ayi, masu bincike ya zo ne bayan da aka samu ta hanyar da genome, kiyaye su a cikin nama samfurori - phalangeal ƙasusuwan yatsa da kuma wani matauni hakori.

m taska

A kowace shekara, kowane mutum ke sanya samu Denisova kõgon zama riya ga masu bincike. An yanke shawarar gina wannan wuri mai kimiyya filin sauka. Tun shekarar 1982, Novosibirsk masana kimiyya ya fara gano kogon lokaci zuwa lokaci. Ga aikinsu, da suka janyo hankalin kwararru na daban-daban profiles ba kawai daga Rasha amma kuma daga Japan, Amurka, Korea, Belgium da kuma wasu kasashe.

Denisova kogo ana kiyaye shi ta UNESCO. Yanzu bincike sansanin Ya zama kimiyya bincike institute da dakin gwaje-gwaje tebur. Yana runduna da primary aiki na samu kayayyakin gargajiya. A kowace shekara akwai fiye da 100 karatu na archaeologists da kwararru daga sauran fannonin kimiyya. Fiye da shekaru 30 na tono, masana kimiyya sun iya bincika kawai ta rage wani kankanin daga kogon.

Dikodi mai da DNA mazaunan Denisova kõgon

Yau deciphering da kayan cirewa daga phalanx da hakori, kuma DNA nazarin tabbatar da katin shaida na wani sabon mutum jama'ar na tarihin duniya. A sakamakon nazarin bayyana hanyar da ta ci gaba. Genome wannan misali idan aka kwatanta da kwayoyin da hamsin da huɗu na mu Sahaban daga kowane lungu na duniya, tare da DNA na zamanin d mutumin da shida kwatanta.

A sakamakon ne quite ban sha'awa. Masana kimiyya sun gano cewa "denisovtsy" gusa daga classic ci gaban da mutum reshe game shekaru miliyan da suka wuce, kuma ya fara halittu farfadowa a kan nasu, amma, da rashin alheri, wannan hanya juya a kira su da wani matattu karshen.

Juyin halittar mutum ya cigaban a cikin shugabanci na kwatanta da Homo sapiens. Game da 400 shekara dubu da suka wuce, wadannan iri tafi daban-daban raya hanyoyi. Na biyu ya haifar da zargin zamani mutum, kuma da farko ya samu a cikin wani matattu karshen.

Denisova kõgon a Altai da kayayyakin gargajiya

Yanzu masana kimiyya yi imani da cewa da al'adun kogo ma'abũta kasance mafi m fiye da kwatanta, wanda da zarar zaune kewaye dutse.

Kwatanta da dutse kayan aikin (scrapers, arrowheads, da dai sauransu), a cikin bayyanar kama wani Yammacin abu. A Denisova kõgon samu ragowar al'adu da rai, dating baya 50,000 shekaru. A cewar archaeological siffofin ne Mafi m tare da mutum al'adu, yana da wani zamani jiki bayyanar.

An samu ba kawai dutse amma kuma kashi abubuwa, da kayayyakin aiki. Amma da suka da aka bi mafi nagartaccen hanyoyi. A matsayin misali, a dada (game da 5 santimita) dutse needles, wanda aka fadi na sukar lugs.

kyau munduwa

Bugu da kari, a cikin wani kogo suka samu mai girma ado na dutse, wanda ya musanya masa a ji na m mutum. Wadannan su ne biyu da abubuwa na munduwa hloditolita - dutse, wanda aka kawo daga Rudny Altai, located ɗari biyu da hamsin kilomita daga kogon.

A rare ma'adinai da za su iya canza launi dangane da haske. Munduwa ya bi sawun ciki ta haifa, amma mafi ban mamaki shi ne cewa hakowa da aka za'ayi a kan inji.

Wannan fasaha da aka yi amfani da ko'ina kawai a Neolithic sau, don haka baya da shi da aka yi ĩmãni da cewa ta kasance ba fiye da goma sha biyar, shekara dubu. A ban mamaki munduwa da aka samu a cikin wani Layer Dating mayar 50 shekara dubu!

munduwa binciken ya nuna cewa, tabbas, shi ne wata magana daga wani kumshin. A wannan Layer, da beads aka samu sanya wani jimina kwai harsashi kawo daga Transbaikalian ko Mongolia. Duk wannan ya nuna wani babban matakin ci gaba da mazaunan Denisova kõgon - ruhaniya, zamantakewa, ado da fasaha.

Me ya bace "denisovtsy"?

A daidai amsar wannan tambaya ba a samu. Yanzu za mu iya kawai ce yaƙĩni da cewa a zamanin da ya wanzu a cikin Altai wani irin na zamanin d mutane. A cikin kogwanni, located sosedsttvu Denisov, ragowar kwatanta da aka samu, wanda suke kusan lokaci daya. Wannan yana nufin cewa iri biyu na zamanin d mutum zai iya tuntube. Duk da haka, da na aikin kimiyya data ba ya wanzu ba tukuna.