Gross - abin da yake da shi? Weight, kudi, kudaden shiga, daidaitawa da kuma babban dabara

Cewa babban nufi? Fassara daga Italian - wani matalauci, m. Ga abin da manufa shi ne ba daidai wani m kalmar da ake amfani a fagage daban-daban na rayuwar mu? An yadu amfani da lissafin kudi da kuma na haraji, kai da kamfanoni da shipping, bashi da inshora, har ma mafi zukatan 'yan adam, masana kimiyya sun soma wannan lokaci. Ta yaya za a iya hada dukkan wadannan yankunan da daya kadan kalma ba kyau sosai translation? Gross - abin da yake da shi?

Quite kawai, mafi yawan darajar da aka nuna da kalmar "babban", shi ne ɗan daban-daban - da tsabta. Wannan shi ne, waɗanda suka tsunduma a tsarin lissafin kudi, statistics ko kimiyya ayyukan, shan la'akari yi, nauyin wani abu da yake mummũnan, m bayanai. Da alama cewa Italiya akwai darajar a kalmomi brutto, yana iya zama a zaurance, amma har yanzu akwai. An yi imani da cewa kawo shi sau daya a cikin kasa da kasa ƙamus na Italian yan kasuwa, raba nauyin iri biyu: tare da kuma ba tare da marufi (babban da kuma net). Yanzu da Italian ƙasa ba a amfani da brutto, kuma lordo.

makaranta

Domin da farko lokacin da muka haɗu da wannan kalma akwai. Muna gaya game da babban nauyi ne: Menene ma'anar wannan, abin da ya ƙunshi kuma yadda za a lissafi. Domin kare kanka daga domin sake yawanci zo daga makaranta: nauyi, ko kuma wajen nauyi, kome fiye da Naira Miliyan Xari da nauyin da dukiya (net) da kuma marufi (kwantena). Shi ne da Bugu da kari daga cikin wadannan biyu Manuniya aka generated babban. A sauki ayyuka sun yin lissafi ba tare da marufi kayayyakin. Alal misali, shi wajibi ne yin lissafi da yawa kilo ayaba a cikin wani akwatin, idan ta kanta Tã daya kilogram, da jimlar nauyin hudu. A makarantar sakandare, muka aka tambaye shi game da yadda da yawa servings za a iya shirya daga 3 kg dankali, idan wani rabo daga -300 g, da kuma tsabtace 30% na babban nauyi? Simple ilmin lissafi ci gaba tunaninmu kuma suna shirye don wani tsanani da alhakin ayyuka, wanda za mu samu, yana fitowa daga cikin ganuwar da makaranta da kuma jami'a.

cinikayya

Wannan shi ne wurin da Kalmar "babban nauyi" da aka yi amfani da tare da m gudun. Kaya isa a shagunan for sale, aka kawo cikin marufi ganga. Wannan rike da gabatar, domin sauki ajiya. Amma sayar da shi za a yi ba tare da pallets da katako, kwalaye! Abin da ya yi? All banal sauki. A zuwa na dukiya sanya sauran a babban nauyi. Selling zai zama net (wannan shi ne akasin ma'anar, da antipode (watau net nauyi)). Net korau babban Tare nauyi so.

Af, sau da yawa sosai da babban nauyi da aka rajista a kan samfurin lakabin a kan wani par tare da cikakken nauyi. Amma sayen a wani babban kanti kaza a cikin kwanon rufi (a kananan roba kwandon), mun san yadda za ya weighs kadan tsuntsu, da kuma nawa ne a gadonsa. Mutane da yawa masana'antun daina amfani da kalmar "babban" da kuma rubuta dabam nauyi na dukiya da kuma Tare nauyi / shiryawa. Kila, shi ne yafi dace domin saye.

kimiyya

Next wani masana'antu inda ajalin da aka yi amfani da, babu kasa da a makaranta ko shop, shi ne mai kimiyya aiki. Kwayoyin dabara, shi ma empirical (kwarewa - a Greek), shi ne ba kõme ba, fãce hanyar da zai bayyana m gwaje-gwajen yin amfani da fāɗin duniya gane alamomin. Saboda haka su kirkiro bude gwaji masana kimiyya, ta kwatanta abin da aka samu empirically.

Direct amfani da kalmar ne a cikin tattalin arzikin, inda msar tambayar darajar "daidaita" to gaskiya (empirical). A sunadarai, babban dabara ne kome amma a matsayin wata hanya gabatar da bayani a kan girman da kwayoyin, maimakon tsarin ko Yanar gizo. A kimiyyar lissafi na wannan jumlar da aka yi amfani da lõkacin da ta je sama da aka bayyana gwajin, amma ba a tabbatar da wani isasshen lambar mahawara. A tsawon lokaci, wadannan empirical (empirical dabara) "saya" da shaida tushe da kuma aka maye gurbinsu daidai dabarbari.

shipping

Jirgi da Shipping - abin da yake wannan connection? A bayyane yake, a lokacin da ta je kaya a cikin kwantena (marufi), da jirãge kansu yi da shi? A cikin kasa da kasa Maritime amfani da wannan kalma a samansu rajista tonnage. da jirgin ruwa za a iya lasafta a cikin rajista ton. A wannan yanayin da muke ba su magana game da nauyi / nauyi, da kuma a kan ƙarar. Wannan nuna alama tana nufin idan magana game da jimlar yawan sarari da dukan jirgin ruwa. Wannan shi ne babban littãfi ton ne daidai 2,83 cubic mita. m (100 cu. laba).

JIGO haya

Wannan shi ne wani bangare inda dace, da kalmar "Hadadden". A wannan mahallin, shi ne kamar haka: jimlar albashin domin yin amfani da haya gabatarwa tare da mai amfani biya. Wannan ne daidaitattun Tambayar tambaye ta mai masauki dan haya (wanda biya hasken / gas / ruwa?) Iya sauti sauki (a cikin kwangila ƙunshi babban adadin?). Abubuwan da da kuma concisely, ba da shi?

inshora

Akwai wani ra'ayi, wanda aka kafa daga kalmar brutto. Mafi sau da yawa, irin wannan lokaci amfani da kamfanonin inshora a lokacin da kirga inshora premiums. Ya biya babban premiums mutum inshora a karkashin kwangilar. Wannan adadin shine babban kudi. Ta, bi da bi, kunshi wani net-kudi da kuma load. A kudi na net siffofin da asali tushe daga wanda da inshora taron payout za a sanya. Load, bi da bi, kunshi da ƙarin tsada, wanda ake zamar masa dole ya biya kamfanin inshora. Wajen magana, wannan fee a kan sandarsa, gabatarwa, administrative ayyukan, da kuma, ba shakka, riba. A sakamakon summation na banal inshora kamfanin calculates da adadin biya a kan inshora kwangilar gidaje da kuma harkokin kasuwanci.

Cars da kuma babban

Abin da zai iya kasance, idan muna magana ne game da motoci? A fili yake, a cikin sharuddan nauyi na mota da kuma ba tare da kaya, da kuma idan shi ne na gwargwado ga adadin haraji deductions, sa'an nan? Gaskiyar cewa engine size, ko kuma wajen da ikon, batun haraji. A mafi girma da ci, da hakan da kai fee. Kowa ya sani!

Domin da yawa, wadannan kalmomi na iya ze m, amma har yanzu akwai wani akwati, a matsayin terminology kuma ma fiye da haka. Ko da yake a cikin adalci dole ne in ce cewa wannan wording ne kusan outlived da amfani a kasar mu. Gaskiyar cewa wasu masana'antun saka engine iko a cikin babban. Wato, da aiki da aka dauka a matsayin tushen naúrar a kan wani tsayawar, ba nauyaya nauyi ƙarin na'urori a cikin wani nau'i na janareta ko coolant famfo. A gaskiya, da mota iya matsar da yin amfani da ikon da yake kasa ta 20-30 bisa dari. A sakamakon haka ne mai kyau gefe, da sauransu babba kai haraji. Don kawar da wannan irin rashin daidaito, gwaninta, inda kwararrun ma'aikata kamata a da za'ayi sun tabbatar da cewa da damar nuna a cikin babban, maimakon net, kamar yadda doka ta buƙata.

albashi

Albashin da babban. Mene ne wannan? Ina dangane? Yana da matukar sauki. Sau da yawa, ma'aikata fata don jawo hankalin ma'aikata bayyana ijãrarsu da aikin ba tare da cajin haraji. Ma'aikaci, ba shakka, yarda, amma zo ranar biya, a lokacin da duk abin da ya faxa cikin wuri. "A cikin hannun" bayar da adadin shi ne mafi kasa fiye da wa'adi da shi. Wannan shi ne, a cikin wannan yanayin, albashin ga aikin - net, da kuma adadin kayyade da m da farko, - babban Hakkin.

balance

Af, kamfanin, wannan kalma an yi amfani da fiye da taba brutto sau da yawa. Daya daga cikin nan da nan dalilai na aikace-aikace - halitta mai kudi daftarin aiki (ma'auni na kashe kudi da kuma samun kudin shiga), wanda ba ka damar tara m bayani, don cikar ga dukan hoto na abin da ke faruwa a cikin kamfanin, domin rage halin kaka, da karuwa da riba. Gross balance an dauke "datti" domin ya ƙunshi articles cewa ya nuna da lalacewa da tsagewa, depreciation na gabatarwa da kuma sufuri da sauransu. D. Mafi sau da yawa, irin wannan daidaituwa da ake amfani da kimiyya ko na ilimin kididdiga aiki. A yau da kullum yi, da samar da wani net balance.

Don zama adalci a ce bankin babban balance sheet, kamar yadda sun yi tsayayya da ma'auni na wani hali kungiyar, halitta kadan daban. Yana yana da guda yi a matsayin lissafin kudi rahoton, amma yawan shigarwar ne kasa (a cikin babban ma'auni na counterweight cewa an generated for hankula kungiyar ko sha'anin), amma "hoto" abin da ke faruwa ya nuna fadi halittawa ne, saboda haka yin magana, Balance Sheet.

riba

Gross kudaden shiga - shi ne ba kõme ba sai a total riba na samarwa (sha'anin), saboda haka yin magana, babban. Yana ba la'akari da irin wannan abubuwa a matsayin haraji da kuma lada, depreciation da sufuri da wuraren. A total Jimlar duk mazabun unguwanni, kuma suna da babban kudaden shiga. A net riba na kamfanin ne bayyananne daga net balance, wanda ya furta da net Saide da kyau.

yawan

Ilimin kididdiga lissafin kudi ake gudanar da kirga da babban rabo. Wannan kalma bai nuna a fakaice ba daidai Figures, amma, wajen magana, ya gina kawayeniya tsare-tsaren. A rabo da aka lasafta ta da dabara, amma sakamakon sa ya bayyana a fili yadda wata yarinya iya ba da haihuwa zuwa 'yan mata (kawai' yan mata, ba boys), wanda a nan gaba za su zama uwaye da kuma nuna haihuwar 'ya'yansu. Wadannan alkaluma suna sosai matukar, nuna kimanin maye na yawan jama'ar, ba shan la'akari mace-mace. Ya kamata a lura da cewa lissafi ne da za'ayi a cikin biyu kwatance: da babban kudi na haifuwa da haihuwa-babban rabo.

PS

Daga cikin sama da shi za a iya ƙarasa da cewa kawai kalmar da na farko da farko wurin, da ma'anar, a gaskiya, na iya zama fiye da succinct, an yi amfani da lissafin kudi da haraji, kai da kamfanoni da shipping, bashi da inshora, da kuma mafi muhimmanci, da gaskiya da .

Bari mu maimaita sake ba sosai duk da babban darajar da lokaci, kamar yadda da masana'antu da kuma shugabanci a cikin abin da kalmar da ake amfani da shi, da kuma wannan ne yake aikata a kan duniya sikelin:

1. Weight na dukiya a cikin akwati.
2. Tonnage jirgin ruwa.
3. Duk riba Enterprises, bankuna, kamfanonin inshora da sauransu. D.
4. Da ma'auni na kungiyar (general rikodin).
5. Cikakken kudin da premium.
6. A girma daga mai mota engine.
7. Hakkin.
8. Irfanin data a cikin fāɗin duniya gane alamomin.
9. Haya na gabatarwa.
10. Accounting ga adadin haihuwa.
11. Kimiyya da ilimi.