Da dabara na kowa gishiri. Chemical dabara: gishiri. Properties na gishiri

Sodium chloride - sodium chloride da ake amfani da matsayin ƙari ga abinci, abinci hana aifuwa na maza. Haka kuma an yi amfani da sinadaran masana'antu, magani. Shi ne mafi muhimmanci albarkatun kasa domin samar da caustic soda, hydrochloric acid, soda da sauran abubuwa. Sodium gishiri da dabara - NaCl.

ionic bond samuwar tsakanin sodium da kuma chlorine

A sunadarai abun da ke ciki nuna sodium chloride matukar dabara NaCl, wanda ya ba da wani ra'ayi na daidaita lambobin na sodium da kuma chlorine kwayoyin halitta. Amma da abu ba a kafa ta diatomic kwayoyin, kuma aka yi sama da lu'ulu'u. A dauki na Alkali karfe tare da wani karfi sodium nonmetal zarra ba kowane valence electron mafi electronegative chlorine. Tashi sodium Na ⁺ cations da anions na wani acid saura na hydrochloric acid CL ^-. Oppositely caje barbashi jawo hankalin juna, forming wani abu da wani ionic crystalline raga. Kananan sodium cations dake tsakanin manyan anions na chlorine. Yawan m barbashi kunshi sodium chloride daidai da adadin korau, abu ne kullum tsaka tsaki.

A sunadarai dabara. Gishiri da kuma halite

Salts - wani hadadden abubuwa na ionic tsarin waɗanda sunayensu fara da nan acidic saura. Sodium gishiri da dabara - NaCl. Geologists irin wannan ma'adinai abun da ke ciki da aka sani da "halite", da kuma sedimentary dutse - "dutse gishiri". Deprecated sinadaran lokaci da cewa sau da yawa amfani a samar - "sodium chloride". Wannan abu ne da aka sani zuwa ga mutane tun zamanin da, lokacin da aka dauke a "farar zinariya". Yanzu makaranta ƴan da dalibai karanta lissafai halayen shafe sodium chloride kira sinadaran da alãmarsu ( "sodium chlorine").

Mun gudanar da wani sauki lissafin ta amfani da dabara material:

1) Mr (NaCl) = Ar (Na) + Ar (CL) = 22,99 + 35,45 = 58,44.

Dangi kwayoyin taro na 58.44 (as amu).

2) numerically daidaita da kwayoyin nauyi na matauni taro, amma wannan darajar sashi ne na g / mol M (NaCl) = 58,44 g / mol.

3) A samfurin na 100 g gishiri ƙunshi 60,663 g na chlorine kwayoyin zarra da 39,337 g sodium.

Jiki Properties na gishiri

M lu'ulu'u na halite - colorless ko fari. A yanayi, akwai kuma adibas na dutse gishiri, fentin a launin toka, rawaya ko blue. Wani lokaci da ma'adinai abu yana da wani ja inuwa saboda da yawan da iri impurities. Halite taurin kan Mohs sikelin ne kawai 2-2.5, gilashin bar a farfajiya na line.

Sauran jiki sigogi na sodium chloride:

• wari - shi ne ba ya nan.
• dandani - m.
• Yawa - 2,165 g / cm 3 (20 ° C).
• Narkewa batu - 801 ° C;
• Tafasar batu - 1413 ° C;
• solubility a ruwa - 359 g / l (25 ° C).

Samun sodium chloride a cikin dakin gwaje-gwaje

By maida martani sodium karfe tare da chlorine gas a tube an kafa na farin abu - sodium chloride NaCl (Formula gishiri).

Chemistry ya ba da wani ra'ayi na daban-daban matakai don shirya wannan fili. Ga wasu misalai:

Neutralizing da dauki: NaOH (AQ.) + HCI = NaCl + H ₂ O.

A redox dauki tsakanin karfe da kuma acid:

2Na + 2HCl = 2NaCl + _H2O.

A mataki na acid a kan karfe oxide: Na ₂ Ya + 2HCl (AQ.) = 2NaCl + H ₂ Ya

Hijira daga wani rauni acid bayani da ta gishiri mafi karfi:

Na ₂ CO ₃ + 2HCl (AQ.) = 2NaCl + H ₂ Ya + CO ₂ (gas).

Don amfani a kan wani m sikelin, duk wadannan hanyoyi ne ma tsada da kuma hadaddun.

Yi na gishiri

Tun da asuba, da wayewa, mutane suka san cewa bayan salting nama da kifi adana daina. M, a kai a kai dimbin yawa lu'ulu'u halite aka yi amfani da wasu tsoho kasashen maimakon kudi, da kuma ya ta da nauyi a cikin zinariya. Bincika da kuma ci gaban da adibas na halite yarda ya sadu da girma bukatun jama'a da masana'antu. A mafi muhimmanci na halitta da kafofin na gishiri:

• halite ma'adinai adibas a wasu kasashe.
• ruwan tekuna, tekuna da gishiri tabkuna.
• interlayer kwasfa da dutse gishiri a kan gaba na gishiri da ruwa.
• halite lu'ulu'u a kan garun volcanic craters.
• gishiri Marshes.

A masana'antu, akwai huɗu da babban hanyoyin da za a samu sodium gishiri:

• leaching na karkashin kasa halite Layer, danshin da resultant brine.
• hako ma'adinai a mahakar gishiri.
• danshin na teku ruwa ko brine na gishiri tabkuna (77% by nauyi na bushe saura asusun for sodium chloride).
• Yi amfani da byproduct na desalination na gishiri ruwaye.

Chemical Properties na sodium chloride

A abun da ke ciki, NaCl - ne talakawan gishiri kafa tare da Alkali kuma acid narkewa. Sodium chloride - karfi electrolyte. A janye tsakanin ions ne don haka high cewa shi zai iya halakar kawai karfi da iyakacin duniya kaushi. A ruwa, ion crystal raga abu decomposes kebe cations da anions (Na ^+, CL ^-). Kasancewarsu ne saboda watsin, wanda yana da sodium chloride bayani. Da dabara a wannan harka da aka rubuta, kazalika da bushe al'amarin - NaCl. Daya ingantaccen halayen zuwa sodium cation - yellowing kuka harshen wuta. Domin gwaji sakamakon dole buga net waya madauki kadan m gishiri da kuma ƙara zuwa tsakiyar ɓangare na harshen wuta. Kadarorin gishiri anion kuma hade da alama na wadda ta ƙunshi a cikin ingantaccen mayar da martani ga chloride ion. By dauki tare da azurfa nitrate a cikin bayani da wani farin precipitate na azurfa chloride (photo). Hydrogen chloride gishiri gudun hijira daga karfi acid fiye da hydrochloric: 2NaCl + H ₂ SO ₄ = Na ₂ SO ₄ + 2HCl. Karkashin talakawa yanayin sodium chloride ba sha hydrolysis.

Fields na aikace-aikace na dutse gishiri

sodium chloride rage narkewa batu na kankara, don haka hunturu a kan hanyoyi da kuma sidewalks cakuda gishiri da yashi. Yana garwaya da babban adadin impurities a lokacin da narkewa ƙazantar da koguna da kõguna. Road gishiri accelerates da lalata aiwatar da mota gawarwakin lalacewa itatuwa dasa kusa da hanyoyi. A sinadaran masana'antu, sodium chloride aka yi amfani a matsayin albarkatun kasa domin babban rukuni na sunadarai:

• hydrochloric acid.
• ƙarfe sodium.
• gaseous chlorine.
• Caustic soda da sauran mahadi.

Bugu da ari, gishiri da ake amfani a yi na soaps, dyes. Kamar yadda wani abinci hana aifuwa na maza amfani da canning, pickling namomin kaza, kifi, da kayan lambu. Don fama cuta na thyroid gland shine yake a yawan jama'a da na kowa gishiri dabara da aka wadãtar da Ƙara mai hadari aidin mahadi, misali, Kio _3, KI, Nai. Irin wannan Additives tallafawa thyroid hormone samar, hana cutar endemic goiter.

Ma'ana na sodium chloride ga jikin mutum

Da dabara na tebur gishiri, abun da ke ciki ya samu m muhimmanci ga lafiyar dan adam. Sodium ions suna da hannu a cikin riwayar jijiyar. A anions na chlorine da ake bukata, don samar da hydrochloric acid a cikin ciki. Amma kuma babban abun ciki na gishiri a cikin abinci na iya haifar da cutar hawan jini da kuma ƙãra hadarin ga zuciya da jijiyoyin bugun gini cututtuka. A magani, domin a manyan jini asara a marasa lafiya gudanar da physiological Saline. Don samun shi a daya lita na distilled ruwa da aka narkar 9 g na sodium chloride. A jikin mutum yana bukatar a ci gaba da wadata na abu da abinci. Nuna ta hanyar da gishiri warewa da kuma fata gabobin. A talakawan abun ciki na sodium chloride a jikin mutum shi ne game da 200 g per day Turawa cinye game 2-6 grams na sodium chloride, a zafi kasashen adadi sama dangane da wani babban gumi.