Halittar "kwata 'yanci na aiki": da tarihi, fasali da kuma ayyuka. kungiyar "fansa daga Labor" shirin

Bayan kisan gillar da Alexander II, wanda ba ya kai ga halakar da daular mulkinsu, yunkuri yanke shawarar duba ka'idojin da gwagwarmaya da tsarist gwamnati. "Fansa daga Labor" - A 1883, na farko Rasha akidar Karl Marx kungiyar da aka kafa a Switzerland. The kungiyar hada mambobi na "Narodnaya Volya" da "redistribution".

ma'aikata

Sha'awa, halittar "kwata 'yanci na aiki" da aka qaddamar kawai mutane biyar: Georgiem Plehanovym, Vasiliem Ignatovym, Vera Zasulich, Lvom Deychem da Pavlom Akselrodom. Sun kasance sũ ne kadai mambobi ne na kungiyar, sai dai acceding a 1888 Sergei Ingerman.

Saboda gazawar da juyin juya hali populists fara neman wata sabuwar ka'idar, wanda zai iya zama dalilin da ayyukan. Plekhanov fadi cikin sani da yammacin Turai gurguzanci. Halittar "kwata 'yanci na aiki" ya faru tun tallafi na shugabannin Rasha neman sauyi na motsi da akidar Karl Marx ideas dauke a cikin ayyukan Karla Marksa da Fridriha Engelsa. Kungiyar ta kafa da kanta da muhimmanci aiki - fassara a cikin Rasha littafin harshen theorists. Tare da wannan populism shi ya kan.

shirin

Ideas cewa ciyar kungiyar na Plekhanov, ba sabon. Rasha socialists koya su daga kasashen waje kafofin. shirin na "fansa daga Labor" Shi ne a kan wannan hasashe da aka kõma sama. An muhimmanci kafuwar ga shi aiki a matsayin wani zargi na populism. A cikin littattafansu, Plekhanov jãyayya da cewa Rasha ta shiga cikin hanyar jari hujja ci gaba. Wannan na nufi cewa hukunci da karfi a nan gaba na juyin juya halin ba da peasantry, wanda ya dogara populists, da kuma proletariat.

The siyasa bukatar Social-Democrats da aka rage zuwa janar demokra] iyya da sake fasalin. Bayan su, da ikon da za su yarda da ga ma'aikata. SDG Shirin "fansa daga Labor" masani Lenin a cikin jaridar articles, kuma daga baya kunshe a cikin tarin classic ayyukan Bolshevik shugaban. A darajar wannan daftarin aiki da aka ba kawai ya bukatar. A shirin Plekhanov da mabiyansa shi ne ya fara shirin na Rasha Social-Democrats. Ta bayyana a gaban wani irin daftarin aiki na RSDLP, rubuta ta Lenin da "Iskra" Editorial Board.

magada Chernishevsky

Plekhanov da sauran mambobi na kungiyar sun "yara na Chernyshevsky." Ra'ayoyi da kuma ayyukan wannan musamman Rasha marubuci yana a kan su ne babbar tasiri ne har yanzu kafin halitta na "kwata 'yanci na aiki" ya zama Mai ƙididdigewa Markisanci. "Capital" marubucin ya mutu a 1883-th - a shekara ta kafa na Plekhanov ta kungiyar. Rasha socialists ko da gudanar da su a takaice magana da wanda ya kafa wani sabon akida.

Yana da wani ƙara chat tare da Engels, wanda ya mutu a 1895. Shi ne na tsawon 1883-1895 gg. fada farko akidar Karl Marx Plehanova Pub. Bisa wani sabon akida, ya reinterpreted gãdon "na sittin-populists".

A farko nasarorin da Plekhanov

A impetus ga sabon bincike al'adunmu Chernyshevsky Plekhanov ya mutuwar marubuci a Saratov a 1889 da kuma tarzomar dalibi tashin cewa kama da yawa manyan biranen Rasha. Da wannan bango, ya kafa na "fansa daga Labor" ya fara tattara abu don sabon muhimman hakkokin aikin kishin sadaukarwa da mutum kasa gurguzu motsi.

Plekhanov gudanar a samu rubuta musamman a request daga cikin memoirs na neman sauyi Peter Lavrov. The "fansa daga Labor" da aka buga hudu articles a kan Chernyshevsky, a cikin abin da a karon farko a tarihin Rasha gurguzanci ra'ayoyi da kuma falsafar da marubuci aka tattauna daga akidar Karl Marx bisa. Bayyanar da wadannan kayan, kuma su fadi da watsa daga karanta jama'a ne wani muhimmin milestone ga yaduwar kuma gabatarwa da marubucin "Capital" rukunan.

m ayyuka

Ko da yake kungiyar "fansa daga Labor" - shi ne na farko, kuma farkon wata kungiya zangar a kusa da Plekhanov, duk membobinta ko ta wani hanya halarci yaduwar kuma popularization na akidar Karl Marx ideas. A 1884, Axelrod rubuta "The aiki motsi da kuma zamantakewa dimokuradiyya", da kuma a 1888th da kokarin dukan kungiyar da aka haife tari "Social Democrat."

Bugu da kari, a 1890-1892 gg. Sai aka buga wallafe-wallafen review. A cikin tsarin na hudu littattafai da aka samar. Review hidima uku dalilai: Don inganta Markisanci, ya soki populism, da kuma watsa bayanai a kan ayyukan da magoya bayan zamantakewa dimokuradiyya a kasashen waje.

Da yaki da economism

Lokaci ya nuna cewa halittar wani akidar Karl Marx kungiyar "fansa daga Labor" ya ba kawai ya taimaki farfaganda na Markisanci a Rasha, amma kuma ya zamo farkon daidaituwa na Rasha Social-Democrats, wanda ya rayu a kai su bauta. Rally magoya bayan bar-reshe ba haka ba ne mai sauki. Don yin wannan, Plekhanov ta kungiyar tsare yi yaƙi da ra'ayoyi na economism. Magoya bayan wannan yunkuri a ƙarƙashin rinjayar Eduard Bernstein ya fara magana a kan gaskiyar cewa ma'aikatan sa a gaba siyasa bukatar.

A cewar masana harkokin tattalin arziki, da proletariat da yaki ne domin su zamantakewa da tattalin arziki da bukatun. Duk da haka, shi ne domin sauran dalilai qaddamar halittar "fansa na aikin kwadago". A ranar da aka kafa ta (1883) shi ne masomin a proletarian adawa da tsarist gwamnati saboda siyasa sabani. Bayan duk, tattalin arziki da aka ci. Daya daga cikin mafi daukan hankali aukuwa na ma'amala da su kasance da littafin a cikin "Vademecum" rashin amincewa da Social Democrats, ya yi sama da Lenin ya gudun hijira.

Da shan kashi na opportunists da revisionists

A Rasha Markisanci wani motsi da cewa yunkuri jayayya a tsakãninsu. A nake toshe aka opportunism. Daga cikin Marxists magana ta zama cliché, wanda aka dauke makiya na Social Democratic-shirin. Dama opportunists bayar da shawarar da abandonment na neman sauyi hanyoyin da gwagwarmaya. Sun yi imani da cewa tabbatar da adalci za a iya samu ta hanyar ba da hadin kai na dukkan azuzuwan, ciki har da proletariat da bourgeoisie. Opportunism ya kuma bar. Proponents wannan ka'idar yi imani da cewa wajibi ne a kawo sauyi tashin hankali zuwa iyakar.

Dukansu dama da hagu-reshe opportunists farko soki Plekhanov a "fansa daga Labor", sa'an nan da Bolsheviks, karkashin jagorancin Lenin. Asalin rikici a zaman jama'a-demokra] iyya yanayi ya jagoranci wani revisionist. Sun kalubalanci cikar Marx da cewa rikicin na jari hujja shi ne makawa saboda haƙiƙa kuma dalilai daban. Saboda haka, revisionists an gayyace su hada kai tare da sauran jam'iyyun cimma gurguzanci. Duk da kasancewar mutane da yawa daban-daban kungiyoyin a cikin akida, shi ne magoya bayan Plekhanov soja kurum marar goyon baya da hankali daga cikin mafi girma da lambar tsakanin hagu. Nasarar da aka fi mayar cimma godiya ga aiki publicist da kuma bayar da shawarwari kungiyar "fansa na aikin kwadago".

Magoya bayan a gida

Ko da yake Plekhanovites samu da yawa ƙungiya da kudi matsaloli, sun kasance iya sauri kafa lamba tare da gwagwarmaya a fadin Rasha Empire. Socialists Moscow, St. Petersburg, Kharkov, Kiev, Vilnius, Riga, Odessa, Minsk, Nizhny Novgorod da kuma sauran manyan birane da kai tsaye lamba tare da wani shiri da cewa ƙa'ida wanzu a Switzerland. Yana da irin wannan m martani sa halittar "fansa na aikin kwadago". Shekara, rinjayar Plekhanov da magoya bayansa ne kawai ya karu.

A 1895, da "Union of yi jihadi a cikin kwata 'yanci na aiki ajin" ta kafa wani rukuni na sosai kusa da dangantaka. Wannan hadin kai ya yi nisa-kai sakamakon. A 1896 a London, ta kasa da kasa Socialist Congress. Lenin ta "Union" yi Plekhanov ta wakiliya a wurin taron. Bayan 'yan watanni, Vladimir Ulyanov aka kama shi kuma ya aiko bautar talala. Bayan da cewa, "A Union of gwagwarmayar neman 'yanci na aiki aji" ya zama wani karfi na tattalin arziki, da kuma dangantaka tsakanin kungiyoyin biyu da aka rasa.

A cikin kasa da kasa fagen fama

"Fansa daga Labor" yin hadin gwiwa ba kawai tare da Rasha magoya bayan, amma socialists a Turai. The kungiyar tuntubi kungiyoyi da jam'iyyun na Faransa, Jamus, Poland, Ingila, Switzerland, Bulgaria da kuma Austria-Hungary. Tare da Plekhanovites hada kai haske shugabannin Turai gurguzu motsi. Wannan jerin sunayen za a iya dauke Eduarda Evelinga, Antonio Labriola, Avgusta Bebelya, Vilgelma Libknehta, Klaru Tsetkin, da sauransu. D.

Wakilai daga cikin "fansa daga Labor" sun halarci dama duniya events na Turai Hagu. Sun kasance ba a Congress a Paris, Zurich, London.

abolition

A 1901, wani rukuni na "fansa daga Labor" ya hada kai tare da Editocin na "Iskra", karkashin jagorancin Lenin tsaya. A cikin Rasha gurguzu motsi ya fara tsawon hayayyafa hadin gwiwa. Babban Figures a shi ya zama Lenin da Plekhanov. A 1903, da akida rikici fara tsakanin su. The hukunci tsirkiya a cikin wannan shawarwari shi ne II jam'iyyar Congress. A sabuwar halitta jam'iyyar raba cikin Bolsheviks da Mensheviks.

Plekhanov, kuma wasu sauran socialists, ciki har da Martov, yi imani da cewa a cikin gwagwarmaya da tsarist gwamnatin iya dogara da goyon bayan da bourgeoisie. Lenin yafi m. Ya dauke da bourgeoisie babban aji maƙiyi daga cikin proletariat. Mensheviks kuma suka saɓa da bayar da na kwamitin tsakiya na jam'iyyar da yawa ikon for abin da Bolsheviks bayar da shawarwari. A rata ta bayyana. Kuma ko da yake da Rasha socialists ci gaba da kula da dangantaka da juna, an nan aza bango shan kashi da kuma mutuwa na Mensheviks tun 1917. The "fansa daga Labor" goyan bayan Plekhanov, ya tafi Martov, sa'an nan suka daina wanzuwa.

darajar

A sakamakon wanda ke haifar da halittar "fansa daga Labor" ya bayyana da yawa daga baya fiye da ƙarshe na ayyukan wannan kungiya. Bayan da juyin juya halin, Lenin ce cewa Plekhanov aza harsashin ginin Rasha gurguzanci da farko ya tafi ya tarye da bukatun na proletariat. Har ila yau Bolshevik shugaban imani da cewa halittar "kwata 'yanci na aiki" a yarda su tafi tare da Populists, da anarchists, da revisionists da sauran "ba daidai ba" hagu.

Ta hanyar wannan kungiyar, kafa a 1883, da Rasha yunkuri sun karshe iya kalle gurguzanci a matsayin ka'idar kimiyya da ta shaida tushe da kuma tabbatacce dabaru. Lenin yi imani da cewa farkon tarihin Rasha Markisanci ne daidai halittar wani akidar Karl Marx kungiyar "fansa na aikin kwadago". Shekara 1883rd mu iya ɗauka wannan muhimmanci ga tarihi na Rasha nasa tarihin. A Tarayyar Soviet, da nazarin ayyukan "kwata 'yanci na aiki" biya mai girma da hankali. Soviet masana tarihi sun gane cewa shi zai iya zama mabanbanta ba tare da rabo daga cikin kungiyar 1917 juyin juya halin.