Halogens - shi ... halogen mahadi

Ga mai karatu zai sami bayanai a kan Halo, da sinadaran abubuwa na lokaci-lokaci tebur D. I. Mendeleeva. Da abun ciki na labarin zai ba ka damar zama saba da su da kuma sinadaran jiki Properties, kasancewa a cikin yanayi, da hanyoyin da aikace-aikace da sauransu.

Janar bayanai

Halogens - duk abubuwa da sinadaran na lokaci-lokaci tebur da suke a cikin goma sha bakwai kungiyar. A cewar wani hanya domin kassa da stroma ne duk abubuwa na bakwai kungiyar, da babban subgroups.

Halogen - ne abubuwa iya amsa tare da kusan dukan abubuwa sauki irin fãce wani adadin nonmetals. Dukan waɗannan su ne samar da makamashi oxidizers, saboda a karkashin yanayi na yanayi, sukan kasance a wani gauraye form tare da sauran abubuwa. Nuna alama halogens reactivity rage-rage tare da karuwa da su ordinal ƙidãya.

Halogens wadannan abubuwa su ne: sunadarin flourine, chlorine, bromine, aidin, astatine da kuma tsari na wucin gadi tennesin.

Kamar yadda aka ambata a baya, duk da halogens - An oxidizing tare da jinsin Properties, kuma dukansu suna da maras karafa. External makamashi matakin yana da bakwai electrons. Hulda da karafa take kaiwa ga samuwar wani ionic bond da salts. Kusan duk halides fãce fluoride, iya bayyana kanta a matsayin rage wakili, da oxidizing digiri culminating 7, amma wannan na bukatar cewa sun yi mu'amala tare da abubuwa da ciwon mafi girma mataki na electronegativity.

Features etymology

A 1841, Swedish sunadarai J. Berzelius samarwa gabatarwar ajalin halogen, nufin su sani a lokacin F, Br, I. Duk da haka, har da gabatarwar da lokaci dangane da dukkan rukuni na abubuwa, a shekarar 1811, Jamus masanin kimiyya da . Shveygger wannan kalma kira chloro lokaci kanta fassara daga Girkanci matsayin "solerod".

Atomic tsarin da kuma mataki na hadawan abu da iskar shaka

The sanyi na cikin matsanancin electron harsashi na atomic halogen ne: astatine - 6s ² 6p ⁵ iodo - 5s 5p ^{2 5 2} 4p 4s bromo ⁵ chloro - 3s 3p ^{5 2,} fluoro 2s ² 2p ^5.

Halogen - da abubuwa da ciwon a kan m electron harsashi irin bakwai electrons da cewa damar da su zuwa "effortlessly" hašawa electron harsashi wanda yake kasa ga cikakken. Yawanci, da hadawan abu da iskar shaka digiri aka bayyana a matsayin -1. CL, Br, ina kuma At maida martani tare da abubuwa da ciwon mafi girma mataki, za a fara nuna wani tabbatacce hadawan abu da iskar shaka digiri +1, +3, +5 da +7. Fluoride yana da wani m mataki na oxidative -1.

baza

Saboda su babban mataki na reactivity na halogens yawanci a cikin nau'i na mahadi. Ruwan dare a duniya ta ɓawon burodi rage-rage daidai da karuwa a atomic radius daga F zuwa I. Astatine a duniya ta ɓawon burodi a duk auna a grams da tennessin halitta artificially.

Halides ake samu a cikin yanayi mafi sau da yawa a cikin mahadi halides, da kuma aidin iya dauka da nau'i na potassium ko sodium iodate. Saboda da solubility a ruwa ba a cikin teku da kuma ruwayen brines na halitta asali. The F - ƙwauro, wakilin halogen kuma mafi sau da yawa samu a cikin kankara na sedimentary type, kuma ta babban tushen - a alli fluoride.

Jiki ingancin halaye

Halogens da juna na iya zama sosai daban-daban, kuma sunã da wadannan jiki Properties:

1. Sunadarin flourine (F2) - a gas haske rawaya launi, yana mai kaifi da kuma irritating wari, kuma ba su hõre matsawa a yanayinsa yanayi. Da narkewa batu ne -220 ° C da kuma tafasar batu -188 ° C.
2. Chlorine (CL ₂₎ ne a gas ba compressible a yanayi zazzabi, har ma a lokacin karkashin matsin lamba, yana da wani gagarumin, pungent wari da kuma rawaya-koren launi. Narkewa fara a -101 ° C da kuma tafasa a -34 ° C.
3. Bromine (Br _2), - wani maras tabbas, kuma m ruwa tare da wani ruwan kasa-kasa-kasa launi da kuma kaifi fetid wari. Yana narke a -7 ° C da kuma tafasa a 58 ° C.
4. Aidin (I ₂₎ - mai ɗamfarar irin wakili na da duhu launin toka launi, da kuma shi ne halayyar ƙarfe luster, sansana quite kaifi. Narkewa tsari zai fara a lõkacin da 113,5 ° C da kuma tafasa a 184.885 ° C.
5. Rare Halo - shi ne astatine (At _2), wanda shi ne mai ɗamfarar, kuma yana da blue-baki launi da ƙarfe luster. Da narkewa batu yayi dace a kusa da 244 ° C, ruwan zai fara kuma bayan kai 309 ° C.

A sunadarai yanayin halogens

Halogen - da abubuwa da sosai high oxidative aiki wanda ke ragẽwo a cikin shugabanci daga F zuwa At. Sunadarin flourine, kamar yadda mafi yawan aiki wakilin halogens, za a iya amsa tare da iri daban-daban na karafa, ba tare da ban da wani a san. Mai karafa wakilan shigar da yanayi na sunadarin flourine sha maras wata-wata konewa, haka sakewa zafi a cikin manyan yawa.

Ba tare da biyayya sunadarin flourine dumama shi iya amsa tare da mai yawa ba-karafa, kamar H2, C, P, S, Si. A irin dauki a wannan harka shi ne exothermic da kuma iya bi da fashewa. Mai tsanani, F take kaiwa zuwa oxidize sauran halogen, kuma anã gitta su radiation, da kashi ne iya, kuma bai amsa tare da m gas inert yanayi.

Lokacin da hulda tare da hadaddun irin mahadi, sunadarin flourine ne mai matuƙar kuzari dauki, misali, oxidizing ruwa, shi yana iya jawo fashewa.

A amsawa iya zama chloro, musamman a cikin free jihar. aiki matakin na kasa da sunadarin flourine, amma shi ne iya amsa tare da kusan duk sauki abubuwa, amma nitrogen, da iskan shaqa, da kuma daraja gas ba su amsa tare da shi. Hulda da hydrogen, dumama chloro ko mai kyau lighting halitta burnoprotekayuschuyu dauki tare da fashewa.

Bugu da kari kuma halayen canzawa CL iya amsa tare da mai yawa hadaddun-type abubuwa. Iya kau da Br kuma ina da dumama da wani fili halitta da su tare da karfe ko hydrogen, da kuma iya amsa tare da alkaline abubuwa.

Bromo chemically kasa aiki fiye da chlorine ko sunadarin flourine, amma har yanzu quite a fili bayyana kanta. Wannan shi ne saboda mafi yawan bromine Br da ake amfani da ruwa, domin a cikin wannan yanayin da mataki na farko maida hankali a sauran daidaita yanayin fi CL. Yadu amfani a cikin sunadarai, musamman Organic. Yana za a iya narkar da a H ₂ Ya kuma partially amsa tare da shi.

Halogen-iodo kashi Forms sauki abu na ₂ da kuma iya amsa tare da H ₂ Ya, narkar da a cikin iodide mafita, kafa hadaddun anions. Mafi yawan halogen na bambanta a cewa shi ba ya amsa tare da masu rinjaye na wakilan wadanda ba karafa da kuma sannu a hankali reacts tare da karafa, a cikin wannan yanayin wajibi ne don zafi. Tun da hydrogen reacts kawai ya fallasa zuwa tsanani zafi, da kuma dauki endothermic.

Rare halogen astatine (At) farfado reactivities na kasa aidin, amma zai iya amsa tare da karafa. A sakamakon dissociation faruwa biyu anions da cations.

aikace-aikace

Halogen mahadi suna yadu amfani da mutum a cikin wani iri-iri na yankunan. Halitta cryolite (Na ₃ Alf ₆₎ an yi amfani da shirya Al. Bromine da aidin kamar yadda sauki abubuwa amfani Pharmaceutical da kuma sinadaran da kamfanonin. A samar da sassan ga motoci sau da yawa amfani halogen. Lights - wannan shi ne daya daga cikin wadanda sassa. Qualitatively zabi da abu don wannan ɓangare na na'ura da muhimmanci sosai, kamar yadda fitilolin motan haskaka hanya da dare, da kuma wani hanya domin ganowa biyu ka da sauran masu motoci. Daya daga cikin mafi kyau kumshin kayan don ƙirƙirar xenon fitilolin mota dauke. Halogen duk da haka da dan kadan na baya a ingancin zuwa inert gas.

Good Halo - shi ne sunadarin flourine, wani ƙari amfani a cikin yi na toothpastes. Yana taimaka wajen hana aukuwan hakori cututtuka - hakori caries.

Irin wannan wani kashi-halogen kamar chlorine (CL), zai sami da aikace-aikace a cikin shirye-shiryen da HCI, sau da yawa amfani a cikin kira na Organic abubuwa irin roba, roba, roba zaruruwa, dyes, kuma kaushi da kuma kama. D. Kuma ma da chlorine mahadi aka yi amfani a matsayin bleaching jamiái Rama da auduga abu, takarda, da kuma matsayin wajen iko kwayoyin cuta a cikin ruwan sha.

Gargadi! Mai guba!

A ra'ayi na sosai high reactivity na halogens gaskiya kira mai guba. Wannan shi ne mafi fili da ikon shiga dauki bayyana a sunadarin flourine. Halogens da karfi da kuma gagarumin Properties iya nishadantarwa nama hulda.

Fluoride ma'aura dukansu, kuma aerosols an dauki daya daga cikin mafi yiwuwar hatsari siffofin halogen cutarwa ga wasu halittu masu rai. Wannan shi ne saboda da cewa shi ne talauci gane ta wari da kuma jin kawai a kan kai high yawa.

Summing up

Kamar yadda zamu iya gani, da halogens ne mai matukar muhimmanci na lokaci-lokaci tebur, suna da yawa Properties cewa ya bambanta a jiki da kuma sinadaran da halaye, atomic tsarin, da mataki na hadawan abu da iskar shaka da kuma ikon amsa tare da karafa da kuma wadanda ba karafa. A masana'antu na amfani da dama iri, kama daga Additives a sirri kiwon lafiya kayayyakin da kuma kammala abubuwa kira kwayoyin sunadarai ko bleaches. Duk da cewa daya daga cikin mafi kyau hanyoyin da za a kula da kuma haifar da haske a cikin abin hawa headlamp ne xenon, halogen, duk da haka shi ne ba na baya da kuma shi ne ma yadu used da kuma na da abũbuwan amfãni.

Yanzu ka san abin da Halo. Crossword tare da wasu tambayoyi game da wadannan abubuwa don kai ba wani cikas ba.