Harshe kalmomi da misalai na darajar. Mene ne wani harshe kalma?

Lexical abun da ke ciki na Rasha harshen ne bambancin da ban sha'awa sosai. Shi yana da yawa na asali kalmomin da aka sani kawai zuwa kunkuntar da'irar mutane. A lexicology kira su hani a cikin yin amfani da saki a cikin na musamman kungiyoyin. Daga cikin wadannan su ne masu sana'a, wanda aka rabu amfani da harshe kalmomi.

Recent sau da yawa za a iya ji a cikin karkara. Sun zama yafi a live tattaunawar da kullum gani data kasance hakikar da babu. Kuma ga sunan wannan batu mazauna daidai da na iya amfani da daban-daban versions: da "gida" vernacular.

Harshe kalma - abin da yake da shi?

"Bayan da gidan kuje seletok". Ba mutane da yawa ji wannan magana zai gane abin da yake a kan gungumen azaba. Shi ne m. Seletkom a Rasha kauye ne wani lokacin kira mai foal.

Yare - kalmomi cewa an rayayye amfani da mazaunan wannan yanki da kuma ba su hada da wani daga cikin kungiyoyin na lexical harshe. Su yaduwa za a iya iyakance da dama kwaminonin ko da dukan yankin.

Sha'awa a cikin "gida" hanyar da baya a 18th karni samo asali a Rasha. Tun daga nan dama, masana ilimin harsuna da kuma masana ilimin harsuna, ciki har da V. Dal Potebnya, Shakhmatov, Vygotskii et al., Ashe yi ta kokarin a cikin wannan shugabanci. Suka duba a daban-daban zabin da misalai na amfani da kalmar yaren. A cikin wallafe-wallafe, duka biyu cikin gida da kuma kasashen waje kalma yau intersects da Concepts kamar ilimin harsuna labarin kasa (musamman ƙamus a fagage daban-daban), zamantakewa dialectology (daukan la'akari shekaru, sana'a, zamantakewa matsayi mãsu bãyar gida yaruka).

yare kungiyar a Rasha harshen

A Rasha akwai da dama bambance-bambancen karatu na yaruka. Babbar ka'idar jam'iyya na yare kalmomi a cikin kungiyar - yankin. A cewar shi ya zama ruwan dare a kudancin da kuma arewacin yare, wanda, bi da bi, sun hada da dama yaruka. Tsakanin su ne Tsakiya Rasha yaruka, wanda ya zama tushen da samuwar na zamani Rasha harshen , sabili da haka mafi girma hanyar kusa da wallafe-wallafen na kullum.

Kowace kungiya ne halin da yare kalmomi. Misalan wadannan rabo (ciki har da amfani): House - bukka (zauna.) - Hata (kudancin.). magana - koto (zauna.) - Gutara (ta Kudu.).

Ilimi yare kalmomi

Kowa ya ce, a matsayin mai mulkin, yana da rarrabe fasali. Bugu da kari, Science yanke shawarar ware da dama kungiyoyin da suke da daban-daban a hanya domin kafa wani yare kalma (misalai suna ba a kwatanta da na kullum).

1. A gaskiya ƙamus. Su dai babu mahaɗi da kalmomin a cikin wallafe-wallafen harshen (misali, furotin a cikin Pskov yankin - Vecchio, cin kasuwa a Voronezh - sapetka) ko kafa daga data kasance tushen da kuma adana da ma'anar asali (a Smolensk yankin: ban tsarin da zarar an kunna - don haka sweating).
2. Lexical-kalmar samuwar. Daban-daban daga na kowa kalmomi daya kawai sa: matalauci - da Don matsaloli, talkative - a Ryazan razgovorchity da dai sauransu
3. Phonemic. Ba kamar da data kasance wallafe-wallafen norms ne daya phoneme (sauti): andyuk maimakon turkey, pahmurny - watau m.
4. Osemanticheskie. Gaba daya m zuwa na kowa kalma a cikin sauti, rubutu da kuma tsari, amma daban-daban lexical ma'anar: gudãna a cikin Smolensk yankin - agile, noodles a Ryazan yankin - da sunan kaza pox.

Bayanawa rayuwa ta hanyar harshe kalmomi

A yankunan da yawa akwai fasali na rayuwar yau da kullum, dabi'u, dangantaka tsakanin mutane, wanda sau da yawa su bayyana cikin jawabin. Sake wani cikakken hoto na rayuwa a irin haka ne, yana yiwuwa ta hanyar da yare kalmomi. Misalan kalmomi da cewa samar da mutum aka gyara a cikin sauran juna na rayuwar yau da kullum:

• hanyoyi na stacking da bales na hay ko bambaro (kowa sunan - Baburka) a cikin Pskov yankin: soyanka - kananan salo, odonok - manyan;
• da sunan foal a Yaroslavl yanki: up to 1 shekara - sucker, daga 1 zuwa 2 shekaru - snow kaguwa, daga 2 zuwa 3 years - Učka.

Nadi na ethnographic ko yanayin siffofin

Wani zabin - a lokacin da yare kalmomi (misalai da su muhimmanci ko da yaushe jawo hankalin sha'awa daga 'bare') taimake su su fahimci rayuwa da na'urar da kanta. Saboda haka, a cikin arewa na Haikalin, da kuma sanya duk outbuildings gina karkashin rufin daya. Saboda haka, a manyan yawan "gida" kalmomi denoting da sassa daban daban na wani gidan: gada - gini, kuma baranda, gida - falo, rufi - ɗaki ƙarƙashin marufi, ruwa - falo a cikin ɗaki ƙarƙashin marufi, da zubar - wani sito, Zhirkov - wani wuri a cikin sito ga dabbõbinku.

A Meshersky gefen babban tattalin arziki kansu ne da gandunan daji. An hade da wani babban rukuni na sunayen da cewa samar da wata yare kalmomi. Misalan kalmomi: kura - da sawa, needles - iglishnik sassaka a wuri a cikin gandun daji - slashing, wani mutum tsunduma a cikin share kututture - peneshnik.

A amfani da yare kalmomi a almarar

Writers aiki a kan samfurin, ta amfani da kowace manufa samuwa ka sake da ya dace da yanayi da kuma watsuwar da haruffa na images. Muhimmiyar rawa a cikin wannan wasa yare kalmomi. Misalan su yi amfani da za a iya samu a cikin ayyukansu na Pushkin, Turgenev, Esenin, M. Sholokhov, F. Abramov, V. Rasputin, V. Astafieva, Prishvin da yawa wasu. Ƙara juya zuwa yaren kalmomi marubuta, wanda yara da aka kashe a kauyen. Matsayin mai mulkin, da mawallafa da kansu samar da wani Nisan dauke da fassarar kalmomi da su wurin amfani.

Yare alama a cikin kayan zane iya zama daban-daban. Amma a wani hali da suka bayar da rubutu da kuma taimaka don gane da bambancinsa marubucin ideas.

Alal misali, Esenin - mawãƙi, wanda babban wajen sake gina kauyen rayuwa ne kawai Ryazan yare kalmomi. Misalan su yi amfani da "a cikin wani tsohon dilapidated shushune" - da irin mata tufafi, "bakin kofa a dezhke daga" - katako baho ga kullu.

Korolenko yana amfani da gida kalmomi a lokacin da samar da wani wuri mai faɗi zane: "... dubi honeydew" - gefen kwarin. Ko Turgenev: "... karshe area (manyan ƙunci na bushes) zai bace."

A ake kira "kauyen" marubutan da ke daya daga cikin hanyoyin da za a haifar da wata wallafe-wallafen image - gwarzo ta magana, wadda ya hada da yare kalmomi. Misalai: "vospod (Ubangiji) za ka amfana (taimako)" daga V. Astaf'eva, "daya (su) ... ƙasar iznahratyat (ganima)" - a V. Rasputin.

Meaning of yare kalmomi za a iya samu a cikin ƙamus: a wani Bayani, su za a alama yankin. - shiyya ko kira na sauri. - yare. The most musamman ƙamus ne "Dictionary of Rasha jama'a yaruka."

Shigar da yare na misali harshe

Wani lokaci ta faru da cewa wata kalma, da zarar amfani kawai da wasu gungun mutane, da ke shiga cikin category na kowa. Wannan shi ne wani dogon aiwatar, musamman a yanayin saukan "gida" ne, amma yana daukan wuri a cikin lokaci.

Saboda haka, 'yan kaxan mutane zo hankali, wanda aka quite sanannun kalmar "rustling" a asalin ne a yare. An nuna wannan ta alaman Ivan Turgenev a "Notes na wani Hunter", "kyauro batan-dabo, kamar yadda muka ce," ie, a Oryol lardin. A marubuci karo na farko da kalmar da ake amfani da matsayin onomatopoeia.

Ko a kalla kowa - mai tanƙwasawa wanda, a lokacin Ostrovsky wani yare a cikin Pskov da Tver larduna. Saboda da mawallafin wasannin kwaikwayo, shi ya samu wani biyu haihuwa, da kuma a yau babu daya kiwata tambayoyi.

Wadannan ba ya zama ruwan dare misalai. A cikin yaren kalmar amfani da su kama wani mujiya, tues, tongs.

A rabo daga cikin yaren kalmomi a cikin lokaci

Saboda da karuwa a 'yan shekarun nan, hijirarsa a cikin ƙasa, yaruka yanzu yana magana yafi mazan tsara. A dalilin ne mai sauki - su harshen da aka kafa a cikin wannan yanayi, a lokacin da mutuncin mutane a wasu yankuna na Rasha ya yi karfi. A mafi girma da aiki mutane suka yi nazarin yare kalmomi cewa ke kawai yanzu zama daya daga cikin hanyoyin da nazarin ethnographic da kuma inganta harkokin da kuma ainihi na Rasha mutane, jaddada ta individuality da kuma bambancinsa. Domin yanzu tsara - shi ne mai rai memory na baya.