Historical lokaci domin. Era a cikin zane-zane domin

Historical periodization - irreplaceable abu a kimiyya da kuma a cikin rayuwar yau da kullum. Akwai wasu epochs cewa rufe wani takamaiman lokaci. Su sunayen da aka ƙirƙira kawai kwanan nan, bayan da wani mutum ya iya gani, a ƙarshe dai, don a kimanta kuma ya kasu kashi matakai na wuce suka faru. Yanzu muka dubi dukan zamanai domin, gano dalilin da ya sa suka kira da cewa hanya da kuma yadda suka halin.

Me ya sa ake tarihi Chronology?

Wannan dabara aka ci gaba da bincike tare da wani ulterior muradi. Da farko, kowane mutum lokaci ne halin musamman na al'adu yankunan. Ga kowane zamanin ayan su duniya, fashion, tsarin al'umma, gina kasuwanci irin, kuma mafi. Idan akai la'akari da shekaru da oda daga mutãne, mu kuma iya zana da hankali ga gaskiyar cewa kowane daga cikinsu ne halin da wasu iri art. Wannan music, zanen da wallafe-wallafe. Abu na biyu, da sabuwar doka mai tabbatar da gaske da aka haka da ake kira jujjũyãwar maki, a lokacin da dabi'un da ya canja da cika fuska a tarihin 'yan adam. Wannan, ba shakka, entailed wani canji na zaba, wanda aka nuna a cikin art. Irin wannan canje-canje zai iya shafar juyin juya hali, da yaƙe-yaƙe, binciken kimiyya, da koyarwar mai girma da masana falsafa da kuma shugabannin coci. Kuma yanzu, kafin mu dubi duk tarihi lokaci domin, ya lura da cewa irin wannan m canji na al'ummar mu ta tafi, ta hanyar kwanan nan. Kimiyya da fasaha ci gaba gaba daya ya juya mu ra'ayi game da sadarwa, bayanai kafofin, kuma ko da aiki. A dalilin wannan ne Internet, ba tare da wanda shekaru goma da suka wuce duk samu tare, da kuma a yau shi ne wani ɓangare na kowa da kowa ta rayuwa.

tsoho lokaci

A tarihin m al'umma, mun ƙetare kamar guda akida a lokacin, addini, ko a kalla rubuce-rubuce tsarin bai wanzu ba. Saboda haka, a lokacin da la'akari da zamanin domin 'yan adam, ta fara da tsoho lokaci, domin a wancan lokacin akwai jiha ta farko da, na farko dokokin da kyawawan dabi'u, kazalika da art, wanda mun rufe ya zuwa yanzu. Lokacin ya fara a kusa da ƙarshen 8th karni BC. e. kuma dade har zuwa shekara 456 - ranar da fall na Roman Empire. A wannan lokaci, akwai ba kawai mushirikai addini tare da wata hujja kam dukkan gumãka, amma kuma rubuta tsarin - Greek da Latin. Har ila yau a cikin wannan lokaci samo asali a Turai ne irin wannan abu a matsayin bayi.

Middle Ages

Ko lokacin da makaranta ne dauke da zamanin da oda, da kulawa ta musamman ga nazarin tsakiyar zamanai. Lokacin ya fara a karshen 5th karni, amma kwanan watan da ya sauke karatu, a kalla wajen, ba ya wanzu. Wasu yi imani da cewa shi kare a tsakiyar karni na 15th, yayin da wasu yi imani da cewa tsakiyar zamanai dade har zuwa 17th karni. A zamanin ne halin da wani babban Yunƙurin Kiristanci. Wannan shi ne babban Jihadi da ya faru a wadannan shekaru. Tare da su aka haife cikin Inquisition, wanda ya yanke duk makiyan Ikilisiya. A tsakiyar zamanai akwai wani nau'i na bauta, feudalism, wanda ya wanzu a duniya da yawa ƙarni daga baya.

Renaissance

Wannan zamanin yawanci bambanta kamar mai raba, amma da yawa masana tarihi yi imani da cewa Renaissance - wato a ce, cikin wadanda mutane gefe na tsakiyar zamanai. A kasa line ne cewa a karshen 14th karni, mutane suka fara kuka ga bil'adama. Koma wasu tsoho dokoki da halin kirki, da Inquisition hankali mika matsayi. Wannan aka bayyana a cikin art, kuma a cikin hali na al'umma. Mutane sun fara ziyarci sinimomi, akwai irin wannan abu a matsayin wadanda mutane dance. Renaissance matsayin tsufa, an haife shi a Italiya, da kuma a yau hujja da cewa su ne m Monuments na gine-gine da kuma art.

Baroque

In mun yi la'akari kai tsaye zamanin da mutum tarihi domin, Baroque, ko da yake ba domin dogon dade, ya dauki wani muhimmin reshe a ci gaban art. Kasa za mu dubi shi a more daki-daki, amma a yanzu mun lura da wadannan. Wannan zamanin ya da ma'ana culmination na Renaissance. Za mu iya cewa da craving domin jin dadin duniya da kuma kyakkyawa ya girma ga kafiri rabbai. Akwai wani gine-gine da style na wannan sunan, wanda shi ne peculiar pomposity da pretentiousness. A irin wannan Trend ya bayyana a cikin music, da kuma a cikin adadi, kuma ko da a cikin mutane da hali. Baroque zamanin dade daga 16th ga 17th karni.

classicism

A cikin rabi na biyu na 17th karni, mutãne ya yanke shawarar ya motsa daga wannan mai girma idleness. Society, kazalika da art cewa shi halitta, aka canonized da aka kera su daidai dokoki. Classicism ta bayyana a cikin zane na gine-gine da kuma ciki. A Vogue dama kusassari, madaidaiciya Lines, da rigor da austerity. Wasan kwaikwayo da kuma music, wanda sun kasance a ganiya da na al'adu da ci gaba, sun kuma kasance batun da sabon sake fasalin. Akwai wasu styles cewa an aika zuwa ga mawallafin a cikin wannan ko wancan shugabanci. Kasa mun yi la'akari da zamanin a cikin art domin da koyi a cikin mafi daki-daki, abin da ya ƙunshi classicism.

romantic lokaci

A 18th karni, mutane da jũna a yi kama da mania na unearthly kyakkyawa da fantasy. Wannan lokaci ne dauke da mafi m, a tarihin 'yan adam, elusive da kuma asali. akwai wani hali a cikin al'umma, bisa ga abin da kowane mutum - guda ruhaniya da kuma m hali, tare da su ciki duniya, kuma irin abubuwan da murna. Matsayin mai mulkin, a lokacin da masana tarihi ne na al'adu zamanin a cikin shekara-shekara domin, daya daga cikin mafifitan mazaunai for kawai romanticism. A wannan lokacin, wanda dade har zuwa karni na 19th sun musamman Masterpieces music (Chopin, Schubert et al.) References (da aka sani Faransa Science) da kuma zanen.

ilimi

A layi daya da romanticism a art kammalã da kuma al'umma da kanta. Lokacin da jerin dukan zamanai domin, kamar yadda mai mulkin, ya sa shi classicism ilimi. Tare da ci gaban kimiyya da fasaha a cikin marigayi 17th karni a cikin wani jama'a da babbar gudun fara tashi da matakin hankali. Wannan aka bayyana a cikin kin amincewa da Orthodox addini norms. Maimakon alfarma ilmi ya jẽ haske kuma dalilan hankali. Yana da babban rushe ikon aristocracy da hukuncin dauloli, wanda sun fi mayar dogara a kan taimakon da coci. Haskakarka shi ne batu na asali na wani sabon akan falsafar lissafi da kimiyyar lissafi. Akwai da dama astronomical binciken, wanda karyata yawa ka'idodin addini. Haskakarka shãfe ba kawai a Turai amma kuma a Rasha da kuma Far East, kuma ko da America. A wannan lokacin, da yawa masu iko soke serfdom. Har ila yau, ya kamata a lura shi ne cewa a cikin 18-19 karnoni na farko a cikin kimiyya da kuma jama'a tarurruka fara yarda da sa hannu na mata.

Littafi

Mu a takaicce jera duk tarihi lokaci domin kuma zo 20th karni. Wannan lokaci da aka sani ga flowering na daban-daban trends a art, da yawa juyin mulki da kuma gwamnatin canji na iko. Saboda daga tarihi ra'ayi, wannan shekaru da ake kira da sabuwar lokaci. Tun da farkon na karni na 20th, za mu iya ce, al'umma ya zama gaba daya daidai. Kauda bauta ba, a duniya, don kafa wata hujja na kasa iyakoki. Wadannan yanayi zama mafi kyau duka yanayi ga ci gaban ba kawai na art amma kuma wani kimiyya. Yanzu muna zaune a wannan zamanin, saboda haka, to la'akari da shi, daki-daki, kawai isa ya duba.

takaitaccen bayani

Bayan mun gabatar da duk epochs na tarihin duniya domin, ya bayyana su don koyon yadda za mu jama'a ya kasance a cikin wani musamman karni, mu wuce zuwa binciken kyakkyawa. Bayan duk, a cikin layi daya da ci gaban dokoki da kuma kan iyakoki na jihohi kafa art, wanda saboda mutane da yawa ne babban kayyade factor ga division na tarihin 'yan adam a cikin raba lokaci. Kasa mu gabatar epoch a art domin, mun faye hali su, kuma su iya yin shirki bayyananne hoto na yadda za a siffar al'ummar mu tun farkon lokaci. Don fara, mun kullum lissafa abubuwan da main "zamanin", sa'an nan kuma raba su a cikin raba rassan. Shi ne ba ko da yaushe wannan m lokaci na lokaci Frames da irin wannan lokaci a cikin wallafe-wallafe, ka ce, ko a zane.

Art: da zamanin a cikin shekara-shekara domin

• Ancient lokaci. Tun da ya faru na farko dutse da zane-kawo karshen 8th karni BC. e.
• Tsufa - daga 8th karni BC. e. zuwa 6th karni BC. e.
• Middle Ages: Romanesque da Gothic. A farko kwanakin daga 6-10 ga watan ƙarni, da kuma na biyu - 10-14 karnoni.
• Revival - sanannen 14-16 karni.
• Baroque - 16-18-karni.
• Rococo - 18th karni.
• Classicism. Kafa a kan bango na sauran yankunan daga 16th ga 19th karni.
• Romanticism - farkon rabin karni na 19th.
• Eclecticism - na biyu da rabi na karni na 19th.
• Zamani - farkon karni na 20th. Ya kamata a lura cewa Art Nouveau - shi ne na kowa sunan ga wannan m zamanin. A kasashe daban-daban da kuma a fagage daban-daban na art kafa da ya kwarara, wanda bayyana a kasa.

Abin da ya gaya game da alƙalami ... A tushen rubuce-rubuce

Yanzu la'akari da wallafe-wallafen epoch, a shekara-shekara domin: tsoho mataki (tsufa da kuma Gabas), tsakiyar zamanai, da Renaissance, classicism, sentimentalism, Romanticism, hakikanci, zamani da kuma wayewar. Farko da wallafe-wallafen halittun fara bayyana a Girka da kuma Roma, kazalika a gẽfen gabas. Yana da wadannan ikokin zo na farko da aka rubuta. A zamanin d duniya suka fara bayyana camfin - game Hercules, game da Zeus da gumaka, Titans, da kuma game da wata katuwar tsuntsu. Daga baya, akwai na farko da masana falsafa, gabascin da kuma marubuta. Wannan shi ne Homer, Sappho, Aeschylus, Horace. Wannan Genre yanzu ake kira da lyrics, amma sau da yawa irin labarun ake magana a kai a matsayin tarihi AMINCI Madogararsa. Duniya na zamanin d Gabas ne sanannen kawai domin ta kula waqe. Amma bari mu ka manta da cewa a cikin wannan bangare na duniya a zamanin da akwai mafi muhimmanci littafin na bil'adama - Littafi Mai Tsarki.

Tsakiyar zamanai da Renaissance

Clear iyaka tsakanin wadannan lokuta ba, da kuma ba ka bukatar shi. Bayan duk, a lokacin da kasashen Turai da ya shigo fara nunawa a matsayin jiha tsarin, mutane da bãbu wani lokaci domin art. A farko manifestations art a tsakiyar zamanai da coci smothered. Saboda da wallafe-wallafen wasiyya da muka gāda daga waɗanda shekaru - shi ne kawai knightly almara. Akwai zai iya kira "The Song na cid," "Song of Roland" da kuma "Song na Nibelungs." Da dama ƙarni daga baya, akwai zo da wani Tarurrukan, da kuma duniya ta zama sanannun sunaye irin su Shakespeare, Dante, Boccaccio, Cervantes. Su da labaru za a iya kira free, kamar yadda babu wani sarari tsarin, da kuma shi ne mutum da juyayinsu a cibiyar events. Wannan shi ne babban halayyar da Renaissance.

Samuwar m canons

Lokacin da muka lissafa abubuwan da oda na zamanin, karni bayan karni, duk abin da da dama a cikin wuri, fãce Classicism. Ya sũranta su zama a waje na lokaci, sarari, idan aka kwatanta da sauran gudana. Tun daga nan, duka biyu litattafansu zama tushen halittar Turai mawallafa, da dama alamu a cikin rubuce-rubuce da wallafe-wallafen ayyukansu. Su fili suka rabu nau'o'i: da Ode, satire, bala'i, comedy, almara, labari. Za mu iya cewa tun sa'an nan an kafa m iyakoki, wanda muka yi amfani a yau (note akalla ga cinema).

Sentimentalism da romanticism

Wadannan biyu trends da jũna karin. Su ne sananne ga littafan, abin da ya bayyana abubuwan da haruffa, hãlãyensu hankali, dandani da kuma kadarorinsu. Daga cikin Romantic mawallafa a ja haruffa rattaba kalma sunaye kamar Balzac, Dickens, Hoffman, Victor Hugo, da Bronte 'yan'uwanku mãtã, Mark Tven, W. Scott da yawa wasu. A shekaru baya, mu yi aiki Romantic marubuta kamar Oskar Uayld da Edgar Allan Poe. Su da labaru an riga hana sentimentality, amma cike da zurfin falsafa.

Hakikanci da zamani, da kuma na zamani da adabi

A jamsin na 19th kuma 20th ƙarni, a rundunar trends a wallafe-wallafe. A kasar, suna kira da Azurfa Age, da kuma wasu kawai aka mai suna bisa ga style of wani samfurin. Mafi mashahuri ne symbolism da kuma lalacewar. Wakilai daga wadannan kwatance karfe mawallafa kamar Verlaine, Baudelaire, Rambo naúrar. A Rasha, shi jin dadin mai girma shahararsa Acmeism. Its main wakilin ya Anna Akhmatova. Tun daga nan, da adabi ya zama kamar yadda idon basira a matsayin yiwu. Mutane watsi da ciki ji da kawayeniya. Tun da farkon na karni na 20th zuwa yanzu marubuta bayyana wani taron a matsayin mai idon basira ra'ayi, shan la'akari duk sababbin abubuwa na ci gaba.

Kayayyakin arts

Yanzu yana da lokaci zuwa la'akari da duk epochs na zanen domin. Mun lura nan da nan cewa su nan da yawa fiye da a cikin adabi, domin kowane daga cikinsu ta jũya a takaice da kuma concisely.

• Kogon zane-zane.
• Art of Ancient Misira da kuma Gabas ta Tsakiya.
• Crete-Mycenaean al'adu.
• Tsoho zane da rubuce-rubuce.
• Middle Ages: Gothic iconography da kuma zane-zane a kan addini jigogi.
• Revival. Shahararren wakilan ne Michelangelo, Vinci et al.
• Tun da 18th karni, da zanen bayyana Baroque style. A bayyane yake bayyana a cikin zane-zane na Caravaggio.
• Classicism, wanda aka kafa a zane-zane, daga 16th karni, aiwatuwa a cikin ayyukan Poussin da Rubens.
• Romanticism bayyana kanta a cikin zane-zane na Goya da Delacour.
• A karshen karni na 19th akwai impressionism. Bright an dauke wakilin Van Gogh, Gauguin kuma yi tare da shi, Lautrec, Munch da sauransu.
• A cikin karni na 20th, da zanen da aka raba sotsrealistichnuyu da surreal. A lokacin farko raya kawai a Rasha. Na biyu shi ne ya yi nasara da duniya. Shi ne a fili a bayyane a cikin zane-zane na Salvador Dali, Pablo Picasso da sauran artists na lokaci.