Hoton Rasha a rubutun "Mutuwar Rayuka": zane-zane. Hotuna na masu gida a aikin N. Gogol

A 1835 litattafan Gogol da Pushkin majalisa shirya ya rubuta wani babban aiki na gwaninta na Rasha. Shekaru shida bayan haka aka buga littafin kuma yana da taken "Mutuwar Rayuka". A ciki, a cikin siffar da aka kwatanta, an nuna dukkanin ƙasar da damuwa da kuma sa zuciya. Gwarzo na wannan littafin shi ne dan kasuwa-dan kasuwa, wani mutum ne na sabon tsarin. Amma har yanzu hoton Rasha a cikin waka "Dead Souls" ya zama babban abu.

Harshe marar ƙarewa

Littafin ya zama aikin mafi girma na Gogol. A ciki, ya nuna duk nau'o'in rayuwar Rasha. Amma, bisa ga wasu rahotanni, littafin nan mai ban mamaki bai taɓa kammala ba. An rubuta shi a yayin rikici. Bisa ga shirin da marubucin ya yi, ba za a yi mahimmanci ba. A ciki, Gogol ya shirya ya nuna hoto mai kyau na rayuwar Rasha. Amma burin mawallafin ba a fadi ba ne. Kuma ainihin siffar Rasha a cikin waka "Dead Souls" ba a iya ganin mai karatu ba.

Hotuna a cikin littafin

Manufar aikin shine ya nuna mugunta na al'ummar Rasha. Gogol ya yanke shawarar ƙirƙirar wani hoto mara kyau na Rasha a cikin waka "Dead Souls" ta yin amfani da siffofin wakilai na al'ada na wannan lokacin. Hotuna masu tarin hotunan karfe da mafarki na Manilov, da skuperdyayka Akwatin, da Nozdrev, da kuma mai suna Sobakevich. A ƙarshe, daya daga cikin mafi yawan iri na masu mallakar ƙasar mallakar Rasha shi ne Plyushkin mai sha'awa. Duk waɗannan haruffan sun zama abubuwa, ba tare da abin da ba zai yiwu a yi tunanin cikakken hotunan Rasha a cikin waƙar Matiyu Rayuwa ba.

Sauya daga baya

Ya zama wajibi ne mu dubi karin jarrabawar waka na Gogol, kuma ya zama a fili cewa dukansu sun kasance halayen halayen halayya. Zakostenelost a cikin al'umma da sauƙi a cikin zamantakewa zamantakewar gudummawar da lalata wadannan mutane.

Lalata da jahilci sun haifar da gaskiyar cewa Plyushkin ya zama abin da ya dace a kan rashin lalacewa, yanayin rayuwar tattalin arzikin Korobochka ba shi da kuskure. A cikin hoton Sobakevich akwai siffofi na jarumi wanda, a ƙarƙashin rinjayar ɗaurawar ƙirar, ya sake zama cikin zato da rashin kunya. Manilov wata ƙaunar kirki ce, wanda rashin tausayi ya sa shi ya zama marar amfani. Haka ne, kuma tsayayyar jaruntakar Nozdrev ta gurbata a yanayin yanayi mai duhu. A cikin littafi an nuna shi a matsayin maƙaryaciyar maƙaryaci ne, mai raɗaɗi da maras kyau.

Duk waɗannan haruffa suna wakiltar siffar rayuka na Rasha a Dead Souls. Amma ba su zama jaruntaka ba a cikin aikin Gogol. Su ne mutanen da aka ƙasƙantar da su da suka kasance masu kyau. Don komawa wannan nau'in ingancin zai iya canzawa a cikin rayuwar rayuwar Rasha.

Chichikov da Rasha

A cikin "Mutuwar Rayuwa" babu wasu haruffa. Kodayake labarin ya kasance game da abubuwan da suka faru a cikin masallacin Chichikov, tsakiyar cibiyar shi ne rukuni na Rasha, wanda aka ba da shi ta hanyar bakin ciki na masu mallakar gidaje. Sabuwar ra'ayin jari-hujja, wanda ya fara bayyana, an sanya shi a cikin ƙwaƙwalwa na ɗan littafin. Zuwan mai zuwa da makamashi na mai saye rayuka masu rai ya nuna rashin amincewar su akan ainihin abubuwan da suka faru na Rasha. Kowace yanzu kuma sai ya rasa hanya. Hanyar babbar hanyar Rasha ta dauki shi sau biyu a wuraren da ba daidai ba. Amma bai damu ba kuma ya ci gaba da zuwa burin da aka nufa. Duk da haka, ba a samu ba, wanda akwai wasu alamomi.

Rayuwa da Rasha da rayuka masu rai waɗanda suka zauna a ciki na dan lokaci, wannan shine tunanin aikin da ba a gama ba. Kafaffen ciki duniya da gonaki aka yi tsayayya da ayyuka na marubucin image Chichikov a ƙãre part. Kuma riga a ƙarshen wannan ya bayyana cewa halin da ke tafiya a hanyoyi na Rasha don neman rayuka masu rai ba shine sabon jariri ba. Chichikov da sauransu kamar shi ba zasu iya canza wannan ƙasa ba. Wanene iya wannan? Amsar ita ce ta kasance a cikin matakan da Gogol ba zai iya ƙirƙirar ba. Ya kasance a gare su cewa ya yi niyya ya nuna hoto da aka yi wa gida da kuma mutanen da ya ƙauna, duk da mummunar mugunta, fiye da sauran.

Dariya ta hawaye

Gidan Gogol yana tare da muhawara masu haɗari. Wani halayen halayen marubuci na wannan marubucin shine ikon hada hada haɗari tare da hadari. A cikin canji na al'umma wani muhimmiyar rawar da za a iya takawa ta hanyar bayyanar da mugunta da ke ci gaba tsakanin wakilansa, musamman ma idan aka aikata shi da kyau. Gogol ya yi imani da wannan. Ya bayyana shi da wani abu mai mahimmanci da aka saba da shi a lardin lardin da gida, kusan rasa a cikin filayen.

Bai yi watsi da irin waɗannan abubuwa masu ban mamaki kamar alamomi a tashoshi da masu banza da ƙananan bishiyoyi, waɗanda ake kira a cikin jarida ta wurin bishiyoyi masu launi. Duk waɗannan sune nau'i na hotunan Rasha. Amma babban abu a cikinsu shi ne hanya. A gare ta, Gogol na da dangantaka ta musamman. Ya kasance a kan hanyar da ya kirkiro wani ɓangare na waƙa mai hikima.

Hanyar ya sa shi a cikin bincike. Ta yi wa marubucin wahayi. A hankali, hanya, kamar ba wani hoton ba, ya cika cikakkiyar hoto na rayuwar Rasha.

Criticism

"Rasha a Dead Souls" wata alama ce wadda aka rubuta a cikin littattafai na wallafe-wallafe. Don yin irin wannan aiki mai ban sha'awa, ya kamata ka yi nazarin muhimman abubuwan da suka dace da aikin Nikolai Gogol.

Belinsky ya yi imanin cewa "Mutuwar Rayuwa" na buƙatar nazarin. Don godiya ga ma'anar ma'anar daga farkon lokaci baya da iko ko da mutum mai tunani. Ya kamata a sake karanta waƙa. Don rubuta cikakken aiki a kan aikin Gogol, yana da daraja karanta littafin Belinsky "Tsarin Chichikov, ko Matattu Rayuka."