Ivan Turgenev: tarihin rayuwa, hanyar rayuwa da kerawa. Litattafai da labarai

Turgenev, Ivan Sergeyevich, short labaru, novellas da kuma litattafan da aka sani da ƙaunar da yawa a yau, da aka haife Oktoba 28, 1818 a birnin Orel, a wani tsoho daraja iyali. Ivan Turgenev shi ne na biyu, ɗan Varvara Petrovna (haife Lutovinovo) da kuma Turgeneva Sergeya Nikolaevicha.

iyaye Turgenev

Mahaifinsa aka hidima a cikin sojan doki rajimanti Elisavetgrad. Bayan da ya aure yana da daraja na kanar ritaya. Sergey mallakar wani tsoho daraja iyali. Kakanninsa ana yi ĩmãni sun kasance cikin Tartars. Uwar Ivan Sergeyevich ya ba da wannan high-haife mahaifinsa, amma ta shi ne ya m dũkiya. M ƙasar a Orel lardin, mallakar Varvara Petrovna. Sergey bambanta ladabi da hali da kuma wani wadanda mutane tsaftacewa. Yana da kyau rai, yana da kyau. Uwar yanayi da aka ba son cewa. Wannan mace rasa mahaifinta farkon. Munin tura ta samu a cikin samartaka, idan ta yi kokarin lalata da uban rana. Varvara gudu daga gida. Ivan ta mahaifiyarsa, ya sha wahala da wulakanci da zalunci, kokarin dauki amfani da ikon da aka ba shi ta hanyar da doka da yanayin da 'ya'yansa maza. Wannan mace da aka daban-daban iradar. Ta ƙaunace ta yara siddan, kuma serfs ya m, sau da yawa ga yan kuɗi infractions azabtar da flogging su.

Case a Bern

A 1822 Turgenev tafi kasashen waje tafiya. A Bern, da Swiss birni, Ivan Sergeyevich aka yi kusa su kashe. Gaskiyar cewa mahaifin yaron a kan wani shinge shingen dogwaye cewa kewaye manyan rami tare da birnin beyar, Miscellaneous da masu sauraro. Ivan tsalle daga shingen dogwaye. Sergei Nikolaevich a karshe lokacin kama danta ta kafa.

Saba da Kyawun lettres

Turgenevs koma daga tafiya kasashen waje a Spasskoe- Lutovinovo, iyaye dukiya, shi ne mil goma daga Mtsenska (Orlovskaya lardin). Ga Ivan gano adabi: daya serf serf macen ta karanta haihuwa-kera, raspevno da rhythmically, da waka "Rossiada" Kheraskov. KHERASKOV a kauri ayoyi karantawa yaƙi domin Kazan Tatars da kuma Rasha a zamanin mulkin Ivan IV. Shekaru masu yawa daga baya, Turgenev a littafinsa 1874 "Punin da Baburin" ya daya daga cikin haruffa a cikin ayyukansu na soyayya to "Rossiade".

farko soyayya

Ivan Sergeyevich iyali tun lokacin da marigayi 1820s kuma na farko da rabi na 1830s ya a Moscow. A shekaru 15, Turgenev a karon farko fada cikin soyayya. A wannan lokaci, da iyali shi ne a cikin gida Engel. Makwabta sun Shahovskaya gimbiya da 'yarta, Princess Catherine, wanda ya shekaru 3 girmi Ivan Turgenev. Da farko Love Turgenev da jũna m, kyau. Ya kasance a tsõro daga yarinya, tsoro ya shigar da zaki da kuma gajiya ji ya rinjaye shi. Duk da haka, karshen qawar da shan wuya, da fatan kuma fargabar zo ba zato ba tsammani: Ivan S. bazata koya cewa Catherine - ƙaunataccen mahaifinsa. Turgenev dogon runtumi zafi. Su labarin soyayya ga yarinya, zai bãyar da gwarzo da labari a 1860 , "Da farko love". A wannan aikin, Catherine zama samfur na gimbiya Zinaida Zasyekin.

Da karatu a jami'o'i na Moscow da kuma St. Petersburg, mahaifinsa mutuwa

Biography of Ivan Turgenev ci gaba lokaci na binciken. Turgenev, a cikin watan Satumba 1834 ya shiga Jami'ar Moscow, a kan fi'ili baiwa. Duk da haka, ya kasance ba farin ciki tare da karatu a jami'a. Ya na son wannan CBM, wani lissafi malami, da kuma Dubno, wanda ya jagoranci Rasha harshe. Mafi yawan malamai da darussa bar gaba daya sha'aninsu dabam dalibi Turgenev. Wasu malamai ma da ake kira bayyane antipathy. Wannan ya shafi musamman zuwa Pobedonostsev, wanda shi ne muhimmin da kuma dogon yi magana game da wallafe-wallafen kuma ba zai iya motsa kara Lomonosov a cikin allegiances. Bayan shekaru 5, Turgenev ya ci gaba da karatu a Jamus. Oh, sai ya ce jami'ar Moscow: "Shĩ ne Mai wawaye."

Ivan Sergeyevich kawai ya ciyar a shekara a Moscow. A lokacin rani na 1834 ya koma St. Petersburg. A nan, da soja kunshi ɗan'uwansa, Nicholas. Ivan Turgenev ci gaba da karatu a St. Petersburg University. Mahaifinsa ya rasu a watan Oktoba na wannan shekara daga koda duwatsu, dama a hannuwan Ivan. Tare da matarsa, da ya riga ya zauna a keɓe. Uba Ivan Turgenev ya amorous da sauri rasa sha'awa cikin matarsa. Varvara Petrovna ya ba gafarta masa domin magudi da kuma exaggerating nasu zullumi da cuta, sa kansa a matsayin wani wanda aka azabtar ya callousness da irresponsibility.

A zurfi rauni a ran Turgenev bar mahaifinsa mutuwa. Ya fara tunani game da rayuwa da mutuwa da ma'anar kasancewar. Turgenev a wannan lokaci janyo hankalin mai girma so, m haruffa, jefawa da kuma fama da rai, ya bayyana sabon abu, daukaka harshe. Ya reveled ayoyi VG Benediktova da NV Puppeteer, tãtsũniyõyin AA Bestuzhev-Marly. Ivan Turgenev rubuta a cikin kwaikwayo na Byron (marubucin "Karin") ban mamaki waka da ake kira "The Wall". Bayan fiye da shekaru 30, da ya ce, shi ne "cikakken m aiki."

Rubuta wakoki, Republican ideas

Turgenev hunturu 1834-1835 gg. tsanani da rashin lafiya. Yana da rauni a jiki, ya iya cin abinci ko barci. Bayan gano, Ivan Sergeyevich sosai canza tunani da kuma jiki. Ya karfi da miƙa kuma rasa sha'awa a cikin ilmin lissafi janyo hankalin shi a gabãni, kuma ƙara zama sha'awar Kyawun lettres. Turgenev fara rubuta da yawa daga shayari, amma kuma imitative kuma kasawan. A lokaci guda ya zama sha'awar Republican ideas. serfdom wanzu a kasar, ya ji yadda wani wulãkanci, kuma rashin adalci mafi girma. A Turgenev don ƙarfafa ji na laifi a gaban duk manoma, saboda uwar shi m zuwa gare su. Kuma ya lashi takobin yin duk abin da ya tabbatar da cewa babu wani aji a Rasha "bayi."

Saba da Pletnev da Pushkin, da littafin da farko waqe

Turgenev dalibi a cikin shekara ta uku ya hadu da P. A. Pletnevym, wani farfesa na Rasha wallafe-wallafe. A wallafe-wallafen zargi, mawãƙi, aboki na A. S. Pushkina, wanda aka sadaukar domin labari "Eugene Onegin". A farkon 1837, a wani wallafe-wallafen da yamma tare da shi, Ivan Sergeyevich fuskanci ta Pushkin kansa.

A 1838, a mujallar "Littafi" (na farko da na hudu da dakuna) Turgenev biyu waqe da aka buga: "By da Medici Venus" da kuma "Maraice." Ivan S. sa'an nan aka buga waqoqi. A farko a yunkurin rubuce-rubuce cewa an buga, bai kawo shi daraja.

Ci gaba binciken a Jamus

A 1837 ya sauke karatu daga St. Petersburg University Turgenev (da fi'ili sashe). Samun ilmi, ya kasance ba farin ciki, ji da gibba a ga sani. A misali na lokacin da aka daukarsa Jamus jami'o'i. Kuma a cikin bazara na 1838, Ivan Sergeyevich tafi wannan kasa. Ya yanke shawarar kawo karshen University of Berlin, inda ya sanar da falsafar Hegel.

A} asashen waje, Ivan Sergeyevich suka zama abokai tare da zurfin tunani da kuma mawãƙi N. V. Stankevichem, jibinci kuma tare da M. A. Bakuninym, wanda daga baya ya zama sananne neman sauyi. Tattaunawa a kan tarihi da kuma falsafa al'amurran da suka shafi da ya yi tare da TN Granovsky, wani mashahuri tarihi na nan gaba. Ivan Sergeyevich hakikance Westerner. Rasha, a cikin ra'ayi, ya kamata bi misali na Turai, yin kawar da your jahilci, lalaci, da ilmi ba.

jama'a sabis

Turgenev, ya koma Rasha a 1841, ya so ya sanar da falsafa. Duk da haka, da tsare-tsaren da ya ba ƙaddara ta a cika: kujera a kan wanda ya so ya yi, aka ba a mayar da Ivan Sergeyevich aka lasafta a ma'aikatar harkokin cikin sabis a watan Yuni 1843. A wancan lokaci, ina karatu da tambaya daga cikin 'yanci na manoma, don haka Turgenev dauki sabis tare da babbar sha'awa. Duk da haka, Ivan Sergeyevich taƙaice aiki a ma'aikatar: da amfani da aikinsa, ya sauri ya zama disillusioned. Shi ya zama wani nauyi da bukatar cika duk umarnin da hukumomi. A watan Afrilu 1845, Ivan Sergeyevich ritaya da ya daina kasancewa a kan gwamnatin sabis abada.

Turgenev zama a san

Turgenev a 1840 ya fara wasa da muhimmancin zaman zaki a cikin al'umma, ko da yaushe da-groomed, m, tare da hali na wani aristocrat. Ya so ya samu nasara da kuma hankali.

A 1843, a watan Afrilu, an buga shi waka "Paracha" Turgenev I. A labarin ta - m soyayya ga 'yar wani mallaki gidaje maƙwabcinsa na Estate. A samfurin ne wani nau'i ne na wani m amsa kuwwa na "Evgeniya Onegina". Duk da haka, a bambanci ga Pushkin, Turgenev ta waka duk ƙare da farin ciki aure heroes. Duk da haka, farin ciki ne m, shi ne m - dai kawai yau da kullum da alheri.

A aikin da aka nuna yabo sosai V. G. Belinsky, mafi tasiri da kuma sanannun sukar lamiri na lokaci. Turgenev suka saba da Druzhinin, Panayev, Nekrasov. Sakamakon "Parasha" Ivan S. rubuta da wadannan waka: a 1844 - "Conversation" a 1845-m - "Andrew" da "mai ƙasa". Kuma Ya halitta Turgenev Ivan Sergeyevich labaru da kuma litattafan (a 1844 - "Andrei Kolosov," a 1846 - "Three Hotuna" da "bully" a 1847 - "Cockerel"). Bugu da kari, Turgenev rubuta a cikin 1846 comedy "Rashin kudi", da kuma a 1843 - da wasan kwaikwayo "sakaci". Ya bi ka'idojin "halitta makaranta" na marubuta, to wanda yake Grigorovich, Nekrasov, Herzen, Goncharov. Writers, yana nufin wannan shugabanci, wanda aka nuna "unromantic" batutuwa: mutane na rayuwar yau da kullum, da rayuwa, shi ne yafi damuwa tare da rinjayar da yanayi da kuma yanayi a kan rabo da kuma hali na mutum.

"Bayanan kula da wani Hunter"

Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev a 1847 da aka buga wata muqala "Polecat da Kalinych" halitta a karkashin ra'ayi na farauta tafiye-tafiye a 1846 a kan filayen da gandun daji na Tula, Kaluga da Oryol larduna. Biyu haruffa a cikinsa - Polecat da Kalinych - gabatar ba kawai a matsayin Rasha manoma. Wannan mutum da kansa ciki duniya wuya. A cikin shafukan da wannan aiki, kazalika da sauran makala ta Ivan Sergeyevich buga littafin "Notes na wani Hunter" a 1852, manoma suna da nasu murya, daban-daban daga cikin dabi'un riwayan. Marubucin ya sake rayuwa da kwastan na gidaje da filaye baƙauye Rasha. Littafinsa da aka kimanta ba a matsayin rashin amincewa serfdom. A Company ya soma shi tare da babbar sha'awa.

Relationship tare da Polinoy Viardo, da mutuwar mahaifiyarsa

A St. Petersburg a watan Oktoba 1843 ya zo a kan yawon shakatawa matasa opera singer daga Faransa Polina Viardo. Yana da aka gana da babbar sha'awa. Ivan Turgenev aka ma sha'awar da ta iyawa. Ya aka captivated da wannan mace ga sauran rayuwarsa. Ivan Sergeyevich bi a Faransa ta ita da iyali (Viardot ya aure), tare da Pauline a kan wani yawon shakatawa na kasashen Turai. Ransa aka yanzu raba tsakanin Faransa da kuma Rasha. Son Ivan Turgenev shige da gwajin lokaci - Ivan Sergeyevich shekaru biyu jiran na farko sumba. Shi ne kawai a watan Yuni 1849 Pauline ya zama ya lover.

Turgenev mahaifiyar tsanani a kan wannan mahallin. Ta ƙi ba shi da kudi samu daga samun kudin shiga daga kadarori. Sulhunta su mutuwa: Uwar Turgenev ta wuya a mutu, gasping domin numfashi. Ta rasu a 1850, a kan Nuwamba 16 a Moscow. Ivan aka yi latti sanar da ta rashin lafiya da kuma ba shi lokaci zuwa ce ban kwana da ita.

The kama da gudun hijira

A 1852, ya rasu N. V. litattafan Gogol. I. S. Turgenev rubuta wani labarin mutuwarsa domin lokaci. Ba ta kasance ba reprehensible tunani. Duk da haka, da buga ba ya yi tunani game da duel da ya kai ga Pushkin ta mutuwa, kazalika da tunatar da ku daga mutuwar Lermontov. A Afrilu 16 na wannan shekara, Ivan Sergeyevich a watan da aka sa a karkashin kama. Sa'an nan, ya aka aika zuwa Spassky Lutovinovo ba a yarda ya bar lardin Orel. Game da takarda gudun hijira a 1.5 shekaru, ya aka yarda ka bar mai ceto, amma kawai a 1856 da 'yancin je kasashen waje.

sabon ayyukansu

A cikin shekaru na gudun hijira rubuta sabon ayyukan Ivan Turgenev. Littattafan ana samun in shahararsa. A 1852, Ivan Sergeyevich halitta labari "The Inn". A wannan shekara, Ivan Turgenev rubuta "Mumu", daya daga cikin shahararrun daga cikin ayyukansa. Tsakanin karshen 1840 zuwa tsakiyar-1850, ya halitta da sauran labarun: a 1850 - "The Diary of a superfluous Man" a 1853-m - "Biyu abokai", a 1854-m - "Mu'amala" da kuma "kwantar" , a 1856-m - "Yakova Pasynkova". Su heroes - da butulci da kuma sarauta maɗaukaka idealists wanda kasa a cikin ƙoƙarinsa na kawo amfani ga al'umma ko ga samun farin ciki a rayuwa. Criticism ta kira su "superfluous maza". Saboda haka, da mahalicci da wani sabon nau'in gwarzo ya Ivan Turgenev. Littattafan sun ban sha'awa a cikin sabon abu da kuma dacewar al'amura.

"Rudin"

Fame samu daga cikin tsakiyar 1850s, Ivanom Sergeevichem, kuma Ya ƙarfafã labari "Rudin". Marubucin ya rubuta shi a 1855 bakwai makonni. Turgenev a cikin Littafinsa, na farko yunkurin sake da irin ideologue da kuma zurfin tunani na zamani mutum. A protagonist - da "superfluous mutum", wanda aka nuna a cikin wani rauni, kuma a cikin roko a lokaci guda. Marubuci, samar da shi, ya bai wa halayya da na Bakunin.

"Manzon Allah Sallallahu gurbi" da kuma sabon litattafan

A 1858 ya zo na biyu Roman Turgeneva - "Manzon Allah Sallallahu gurbi". Its theme - labarin daya haihuwa daraja iyali. da soyayya na wani bafada, ta nufin hali m. Poetry na soyayya, cike da alheri da subtlety, m image na haruffa da motsin zuciyarmu, ruhaniya yanayi - Waɗannan su ne rarrabe fasali na Turgenev ta style, watakila mafi fili da aka bayyana a "The Noble gurbi". Su peculiar da kuma wasu daga littafan, kamar "Faust" 1856 "Tafiya zuwa Polesie" (shekaru na halitta - 1853-1857), "Asya" da "Farko love" (duka ayyukan da aka rubuta a 1860). "Manzon Allah Sallallahu gurbi" da aka kirki gaishe. Ya aka yaba da yawa sukar, musamman Annenkov, Pisarev, Grigoriev. Duk da haka, na gaba Roman Turgeneva jira quite a daban-daban rabo.

"A Hauwa'u"

A 1860 ya buga labari "A Hauwa'u na" Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev. Brief abun ciki na wadannan. A cibiyar aiki - Elena Stakhov. Wannan hali - a jarumi, da karfi, da aminci da ƙauna yarinya. Ta fada cikin soyayya tare da wani sauyi Insarov a Bulgarian, wanda ya sadaukar da rayuwarsa ga kwata 'yanci na motherland daga ikon da Turks. Labarin da dangantaka zo ga ƙarshe, kamar yadda ya saba da Ivan Sergeyevich, takaici,. Revolutionary mutu, ta zama matarsa Elena yanke shawarar da ya ci gaba da aikin ta marigayi miji. Wannan ne kaidin sabon labari, wanda Ya halitta Ivan Turgenev. Synopsis shi, ba shakka, mun bayyana ne kawai a wasu fannoni.

Sabanin kima kira wannan labari. Dob, misali, umarni sautin a cikin labarin, ya shaida wa marubucin, inda ya kasance ba daidai ba. Ivan Sergeyevich ya husata. M mulkin demokra kafofin watsa labarai sun wallafa texts tare da ƙarya da suke ƙirƙirãwa kuma catty allusions zuwa cikakken bayani na sirri rai na Turgenev. Marubuci warware dangantakar da "Littafi", wanda shekaru da yawa da aka buga. Ƙaramin tsara yanzu ba a gani a Ivan S. tsafi.

"Iyaye da 'ya'ya"

A lokacin daga 1860 zuwa 1861, ya rubuta Ivan Turgenev "iyaye da 'ya'ya", wani sabon labari nasa. Sai aka buga a cikin "Rasha Gazette" a 1862. Mafi yawa daga cikin masu karatu da kuma masu sukar bai godiya.

"Ya isa"

A 1862-1864 gg. halitta labarin-dada "Pretty" (da aka buga a 1864). An imbued tare da muradi na cizon yatsa a rayuwa dabi'u, ciki har da art da kuma soyayya, don haka masoyi Turgenev. A fuskar inexorable mutuwar dukan makafi, kuma m.

"Smoke"

Rubuta a 1865-1867 gg. labari "Smoke" aka kuma imbued tare da duhu yanayi. A aikin da aka buga a 1867. A da shi marubucin kokarin sake hoton na zamani Rasha al'umma, mulki ta akida jin zuciya.

"Virgin Kasar gona"

A karshe Roman Turgeneva bayyana a cikin tsakiyar 1870s. A 1877, shi da aka buga. Turgenev shi gabatar da sauyi populists, wanda ake kokarin kai wa manoma su ideas. Ayyukansu ya aka kimanta a matsayin hadaya feat. Duk da haka, wannan feat wanzuwa.

A karshe shekaru na rayuwar I. S. Turgeneva

Turgenev tun tsakiyar 1860s kusan ko da yaushe rayuwa a kasashen ketare, kawai masu zuwa ziyartar mahaifarsa. Ya gina gida a Baden-Baden, a kusa da gidan Viardot iyali. A 1870, bayan da Franco-Prussian War, Pauline kuma Ivan Sergeyevich bar birnin suka zauna a Faransa.

A 1882 Turgenev kamu da ciwon daji na kashin baya. Tã yi na karshe watanni ransa, shi ne mai tsanani, da kuma mutuwa. Rayuwa Ivana Turgeneva karya 22 Agusta 1883. Aka binne shi a St. Petersburg a Volkov hurumi, kusa da kaburbura na Belinsky.

Ivan Turgenev, labarai, litattafan da gajejjeran labaru da aka hada a makaranta manhaja, da kuma da yawa suna da aka sani - daya daga cikin mafi girma Rasha marubuta daga cikin karni na 19th.