Khazars - yana da ga cikin mutane? Ancient da kuma na zamani Khazars. Cikin zuriyar Khazars

Ancient da kuma na da tarihin 'yan adam da yake riƙe da yawa asirai. Ko a yanzu matakin na fasaha a cikin binciken na mafi yawan al'amurran da suka shafi ne har yanzu ba fari aibobi.

Ne suka kasance Khazars? Wannan shi ne daya daga cikin wadanda ayyuka ba tare da wata hujja amsar. Mun san kadan game da su, amma har idan muka tattara dukan data kasance ambaci wannan al'umma, shi ya zama ma fi tambayoyi.

Bari ta samun Masana kusa da wadannan ban sha'awa mutane.

Su wane ne Khazars

Wannan kabilar - da Khazars - na farko da aka ambata a Sin kafofin matsayin wani bangare na al'ummar na girma daular na Huns. Masu bincike jagoranci da dama shiriritar game da asalin na ethnonym da kakanninmu mahaifarsa na Khazars.

Bari mu fara magance sunan. A tushen da "awaki" cikin harsuna da yawa na Asiya ta tsakiya shi ne jerin kalmomin da suka shafi nomadism. Wannan version alama mafi plausible, saboda sauran su ne kamar haka. Farsi "Khazars" na nufin "dubu", da Romawa kira da Sarkin sarakuna Kaisar, da Turks fahimta ta kalmar ciki.

Kakanninmu gida suna kokarin sanin a farko records, wanda ambaci Khazars. Da kakanninsu suka zauna, suka gaba-kofa da makwabta? Babu tabbataccen amsar har yanzu.

Akwai uku m ka'idar. A farko ya wadãtu da kakanninsu Uighurs, na biyu - da Hun kabilan Akatsirs, da kuma na uku ne karkata zuwa imani da cewa Hazaras - zuriyar tribal alliance Ogur da Savirs.

Kamar shi ko a'a, yana da wuya a amsa. Abu daya ne bayyananne. Asalin da Khazars da kuma farkon su fadada zuwa yamma saboda ƙasar da suka kira Barsils.

Ambaci a rubuta kafofin

Idan muka bincika da bayanai daga zamani bayanin kula, kuma, shi dai itace rikice.

A daya hannun, data kasance kafofin ce cewa da Khazar Khanate wani iko daular. A gefe - wadancan bayanan da yake kunshe a cikin rubutu na matafiya, na iya zama babu abin da ya kwatanta.

A mafi m tushen, wanda ya nuna halin da ake ciki a kasar, an dauki Hagan rubutu tare da Spanish dignitary Hasdai ibn Shaprut. Sun yi magana a rubuce a kan batun Yahudanci. Clemente ya da wani jami'in diflomasiyyar, suka yi sha'awar Yahudawa daular cewa wanzu, kamar yadda 'yan kasuwa, kusa da Caspian Sea.

A uku haruffa dauke da wani labari game da inda ya tafi tsoho Khazars - a takaice daga cikin birane, siyasa, zamantakewa da kuma halin tattalin arzikinsu.
Sauran kafofin, irin su Rasha tarihin, Larabci, Persian da sauran nassoshi kullum kamanta kawai haddasawa, ba shakka da sakamakon gida soja rikice-rikice a kan iyakoki.

A labarin kasa na Khazars

Kagan Iosif a cikin wasika ce, inda a can sun kasance Khazars, inda wadannan kabilu fiye da yin live. Bari mu bincika a cikin daki-daki, description.

Yanzu, daular da mika cikin tsawon mafi girma ci gaba na Kudancin Bug River da Aral Sea da kuma Caucasus Mountains zuwa Volga kusa da latitud na birnin Murom.

A wannan yanki da muka rayu kabilu masu yawa. A gandun daji da gandun daji yankunan yada ya zaunar da hanyar noma a steppe - nomadic. Bugu da kari, a kusa da Caspian Sea ya kasance mai yawa gonakin inabi.

A mafi girma a birnin, wanda ya ambaci Hagan a cikin wasika, sun kasance a matsayin haka. Capital - Itil, shi ne a cikin ƙananan kai na da Volga. Sarkel (rusichi kira shi da White Vezhey) located a kan Don, kuma Samandar da Belenjer - a kan tekun na Caspian Sea.

Tashi Kaganate fara bayan mutuwa na Turkic daular a tsakiyar ƙarni na bakwai AD. A wannan lokaci, da Khazar kakanninsu suka zauna, a yankin na zamani Derbent a Dagestan filayen. Saboda haka fadada zuwa arewa, yamma, da kudu.

Bayan da kama na Crimea Khazars zauna a wannan ƙasa. Ta aka gano tare da wannan ethnonym sosai dogon. Ko da a cikin karni na sha shida Genoese ambata sashin matsayin "Gazara".

Saboda haka, Khazars - wani ƙungiyar na Turkic kabilu, wanda ya kasance iya haifar da mafi m jihar makiyaya a tarihi.

imani kaganate

Saboda gaskiya cewa daular kasance a tsaka-tsaki na cinikayya hanyoyi, al'adu da addinai, ya zama kamar wani na da Babila.

Kamar yadda na yawan jama'a Khanate sun Turkic mutane, mafi bauta Tengri Khan. Wannan imani ne har yanzu kiyaye su a Asiya ta tsakiya.

San Kaganate tuba zuwa ga yahudawa, haka har yanzu a matsayin cewa Khazars - su ne Yahudawa. Duk da haka, wannan ba gaba ɗaya na gaskiya, saboda da addini professed kawai sosai kananan Layer na yawan jama'a.

Har ila yau a jihar suka wakilta Kirista da Musulmi. Saboda da m yaƙi gāba da Arab Khalifofi a karshe shekarun da suka gabata na Khanate, Musulunci samun karin 'yanci a cikin daular.

Amma me ya sa taurin yi imani da cewa Khazars - su ne Yahudawa? A mafi m hanyar ne wani labari, ya bayyana a cikin wata wasika zuwa ga Yusufu. Ya gaya Hasdai cewa Orthodox kuma aka kira su zuwa zabi na addinin jihar Katolika firist da wani rabbi. A karshen iya duka jayayya da kuma shawo Hagan da ayarinsa a dama.

War tare da makwabta

Tafiye-tafiye zuwa Khazars suna more cikakken aka bayyana a cikin tarihin Rasha da kuma kasashen Larabawa soja records. Khalifanci ya yi yaƙi domin tasiri a cikin Caucasus, da kuma Slavs, a daya hannun, sun yi tsayayya da kudancin bawa yan kasuwa, kwasar ganima kauyuka, a kan sauran - ƙarfafa da gabashin yanci.

A farko yarima, suka yi yaƙi da Khazar Khanate ya Manzon Allah Sallallahu Alaihi Oleg. Ya ya iya toshe wasu daga cikin ƙasar da kuma tilasta su su biya haraji to da kansu da kuma ba da Khazars.

More ban sha'awa bayani game da yin yawo Sviatoslav, dan Igor kuma Olga. Ya, kasancewa gwani warrior, kuma mai hikima kwamandan, ya yi amfani da wani rauni na daular da kuma aikata wani crushing buga mata.

Ya tattara sojojin saukar da Volga kuma dauki Itil. Next Sarkel da aka kama a kan Don kuma Samandar a kan Caspian Coast. Wannan kwatsam kuma iko fadada ya halakar da zarar mai girma daular.

Bayan haka, Svyatoslav fara kulla a wannan yanki. Sansanin soja da aka gina a kan site na White Tower Sarkel levied haraji vyatichi - kabilar, kẽwayesu a gefe daya da Rasha a kan wasu - tare da Khazars.

An ban sha'awa al'amari ne daya cewa, ga dukkan bayyana husuma da yaƙe-yaƙe a Kiev na dogon lokaci tsaya tawagar Khazar sojojin haya. A "Tale of bygone Years" da aka ambata a fili Kozara a cikin babban birnin kasar Rasha. Yana da aka located kusa da mahaɗar tsakãninsu da Dnieper River Pochaina.

Inda ya yi da dukan al'umma

Ci, ba shakka, shafi na yawan jama'ar, amma shi ne lura da cewa bayan da shan kashi na Slavs manyan birane Kaganate bayanai game da wannan mutane bace. Ba su ambaci guda kalma a wani rikodin.

A mafi m bayani na tambaya bincike la'akari da wadannan. Kamar yadda wani Turkic kabila, da Khazars sun iya assimilate da makwabta a cikin ƙasa na Caspian.

Yau, masana kimiyya yi imani da cewa babban taro na bayani a cikin yankin, wasu zauna a cikin Crimea, kuma mafi daraja daga cikin Khazars koma Tsakiya Turai. Akwai sun kasance iya gama da al'ummomin Yahudawa da suke zaune a kan ƙasa na zamani Poland, Hungary, Western Ukraine.

Saboda haka, wasu iyalai tare da Yahudawa tushen da kuma kakanninsa a wannan ƙasa, zai iya a wasu hanya zuwa kiran kansu "cikin zuriyar Khazars."

Traces a Archeology

Archaeologists ce babu wata tantama cewa Khazars - a saltovo-Mayaki. Yana a 1927 kasaftawa Gauthier. Tun wannan lokacin, kamfanin ne rayayye tono da kuma gudanar da bincike.
Sunan al'adu da aka sakamakon da kama na binciken a kan biyu Monuments.

A farko - a shiri a cikin Upper Saltov Kharkiv yankin, da kuma na biyu - Mayaki shiri a cikin Voronezh yankin.

A ka'ida, da binciken dangantaka da kabila daga cikin Alans da suka rayu a wannan yanki daga takwas zuwa karni na goma. Duk da haka, tushen da wadannan mutane ne a cikin Arewa Caucasus, don haka shi Magana kai tsaye tare da Khazar Khanate.

Masu bincike shared binciken a kan iri biyu burials. Forest zaɓi - Alanian da steppe - Bulgarian, wanda sun hada da Khazars.

zai yiwu yara

Cikin zuriyar Khazars - shi ne wani farin tabo a cikin mutane da binciken. A wahala ta'allaka ne da cewa gano maye ne kusan ba zai yiwu.

Saltovo-Mayaki kamar yadda irin wannan daidai daidai da rai na Alans da Bulgars. A Khazars aka rajista a matukar, kamar yadda shi ne su Monuments 'yan kaxan ne. A gaskiya ma, su ne bazuwar. Rubuta kafofin matsayin "shiru" bayan yakin neman zabe Svyatoslav. Saboda haka wajibi ne a dogara da hadin gwiwa cikin jarrabawa na archaeologists, masana ilimin harsuna da binciken burbushin.

A ranar, da mafi kusantar zuriyar Khazars - Kumyks. Yana da wani Turkic-magana mutane na Arewa Caucasus. Yana kuma ya hada da wani bangare Karaites, Krymchaks da Judaize dutsen kabilu na Caucasus.

bushe saura

Saboda haka, a wannan labarin, za mu yi magana game da makomar irin wannan ban sha'awa mutane a matsayin Khazars. Wannan ba kawai wata kabila, da kuma, a gaskiya, wata m farin tabo a cikin na da tarihi na Caspian asashe.

Suna da aka ambata a cikin da yawa kafofin Rousseau, Armenia, Larabawa, Rumawa. Kagan ne a rubutu da Kalifancin Cordoba. Kowa da kowa fahimci ikon da ƙarfin wannan daular ...
Kuma ba zato ba tsammani - a walƙiya yakin da Prince Svyatoslav da kuma lalata wannan jiha.

Sai dai itace cewa dukan daular iya zama ga wani taƙaitaccen lokaci, ba kawai bace da kuma nutse a cikin gushewa, da barin kawai guesswork zuriyarsa.