Kwayoyin cututtuka da aka kwatanta da wasu nau'in tantanin halitta

"Soma" na nufin jiki, wato, a cikin ka'idar, dole ne a kira wani kwayar jikinsu ta jiki. Duk da haka, kundayen adireshi suna ba da ma'anar daban. A gaskiya ma, akwai mafi yawan sel a cikin jiki, amma akwai wasu nau'in a jiki.

Da farko dai, wadanda ba su da mahimmanci su ne sel, wanda daga bisani ya juya cikin embryos. Suna raba hanyar ƙwarewa, waɗanda ba a gane su ba don sunadarai masu tasowa (tasiri), kuma suna da wasu siffofin. Kwanan nan, masana kimiyya sun gano sabon sassan kwayoyin halitta wanda ba za'a iya kiran su jima'i ko damuwa ba. An kira su kwayoyin sutura, kuma duk wani kwayar halitta zai iya fita daga cikinsu.

Kwayoyin da ke tattare da ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin halitta sun zama kasusuwa, gabobin ciki, fata, jini da kayan haɗin kai. Kuma jinsin jima'i sun zama spermatozoa da qwai. Ba kamar jam sel, somatic da biyu kafa musamman Tsarin for gadar hali - chromosomes.

Dukkan kwayoyin da ke tattare da wani abu daga kwayoyin biyu, rabin rabin chromosomes kusan kusan su ne na chromosomes na mahaifiyar mutum, kuma na biyu - ga chromosomes na mahaifin. Mun yi amfani da kalmar nan "kusan" saboda kowane kwayoyin yana ci gaba da tafiyar da tafiyarwa a duk rayuwarsa, wato, maras tabbas kuma ba a cikin ka'idojin canji ba. Maye gurbi a somatic Kwayoyin ba kamar yadda tsanani kamar yadda jima'i maye gurbi. Domin a cikin wannan yanayin, dukan sabon kwayoyin zai dauki nauyin canje-canje (sun kasance a mafi yawan lokuta wanda ba'a so a jikin kwayoyin halitta, maye gurbi mai amfani shine babbar rarity).

Gaba ɗaya, ƙwayoyi masu tasowa ba koyaushe suna da guda biyu na chromosomes ba. Tsire-tsire za su iya samun nau'i hudu ko shida nau'i. Kwayoyin jima'i masu jimawa suna da nau'i 2-3, abin da yake fahimta. Alal misali, a alkama zasu iya zama hudu ko shida (dangane da nau'in). A wasu lokuta, Kwayoyin sunadarai na dabba suna da fiye da guda biyu, alal misali, a cikin salmon da salamander.

Wasu lokuta da yawa na chromosomes (polyploidy) zasu iya faruwa a cikin mutane, wannan zai iya haifar da rikicewa a cikin tsarin mota ko farko na na'urorin mai. A cikin yanayin farko, ba abin tsoro ba ne - duk da haka, ana samun 'yan kwayoyin halitta mai banƙyama, amma idan kwayar jima'i ta zama polyploid, to, an lalace, saboda ƙananan ƙetare na dukan kwayoyin halitta ba za a iya yiwuwa ba a lokacin da haɗuwa (idan kwayar halitta ta kafa zygote, amfrayo zai mutu) . Dukkan wannan, polyploidy ba al'ada ce ga mafi girma nau'in.

Wani lokaci polyploid, ba muhimmi a cikin al'ada daya ko wani nau'i (yawanci shuke-shuke) bayyana bayan da yin amfani da wasu sinadarai, wanda shi ne wani ƙarin shaida ga ciwon tsaurara muhalli iko.

Rashin rarraba kwayoyin halitta yana haifar da kwayoyin halitta wadanda suka kasance daidai da kwayoyin halitta, idan tsarin ya faru kullum kuma babu matsala da abubuwan da ke ciki da na ciki suka tsokani. Hanyar rarraba irin wadannan kwayoyin suna ake kira mitosis kuma masana kimiyya sun dade daɗewa. Irin wannan rarraba na da daidaituwa kuma abin dogara ne, amma a kan dukkanin mitosis ba shi da wani ci gaba - kwayoyin halitta bayan an samu duka kamar tantanin halitta wanda ya haife su. Amma jima'i na saduwa da kwayoyin halittar kwayoyin halitta kuma ya samar da sabon kwayoyin halitta wanda zai zama sabon kwayoyin kuma ya ci gaba da gwagwarmayar juyin halitta.

Akwai hanyoyi don samun dukkan kwayoyin halitta wanda ba zai bambanta daga iyaye ba? Haka ne, ana kira cloning. Dabarar abu ne mai sauƙi - ɗaukar mahimmin tantanin halitta kuma ya sanya shi a cikin kwai a maimakon '' '' ƙirar '' '' ''. Irin wannan kwayoyin bazai buƙatar a hadu da shi ba kuma yana yiwuwa a haɗa mace zuwa cikin mahaifa. Duk da haka, fasaha ba ta da cikakkiyar ajiya, Bugu da žari, mai karɓar kwayoyin halitta ya samu ta hanyar haƙuri kuma baya rayuwa tsawon. Don haka ba a banza ba ne don hana hani na mutum.

Sabili da haka, kwayoyin sunadarai sun kasance mafi yawan ɓangaren jikinmu, rabuwa da mitosis kuma suna da kaya biyu na chromosomal. Wannan shi ne babban abinda kana bukatar sanin game da wannan nau'in kwayoyin.