Law, ko da kuwa gādo. Mendel ta dokokin. jinsi

A sakamakon haka, bincike masanin kimiyya K. Correns, G. de Vries, E. Cermak a 1900 da aka "sake gano" da dokokin halittar jini, tsara a 1865 da ya kafa kimiyya na gadar hali - Gregor Mendel. A cikin gwaje-gwajen, da masanin kimiyyar amfani da wani Hybridological Hanyar da wanda ka'idojin gādon halaye da kuma wasu kaddarorin kwayoyin da aka tsara. A wannan labarin, za mu duba a cikin ka'idojin gadar hali watsa, ya yi nazarin itatuwa aure.

Mendel da bincike

Aikace-aikace hybridological Hanyar yarda da shi da ya kafa yawan dokokin, to, wadannan dokokin na Mendel. Alal misali, ya aka bayyana a mulkin uniformity na ƙarni na farko hybrids (na farko dokar Mendel). Ya nuna gaskiyar manifestations na F ₁ hybrids daya kawai alama, sarrafawa da wani rinjaye gene. Saboda haka, ta tsallaka shuke-shuke iri iri fis abin da ya bambanta a iri launi (rawaya da kore), duk farko tsara hybrids sun kawai rawaya launi tsaba. Haka kuma, duk wadannan mutane sun ma wannan genotype (sun heterozygotes).

dokar fata

Ci gaba giciye tsakanin wani misali dauka daga cikin na farko-tsara hybrids, Mendel samu F ₂ tsakiyan nonon fasali. A wasu kalmomin, phenotypically gano shuke-shuke da recessive alleles na gwajin alama (koren launi da tsaba) a cikin adadin daya bisa uku na duka hybrids. Saboda haka, na dokokin ƙa'idar 'yancin kai na gado a yarda Mendel gano watsa inji matsayin rinjaye da kuma recessive genes a ƙarni da dama na hybrids.

Di- da poligibridnoe mararraba

A m gwaje-gwajen, Mendel wuya yanayi na su aiwatar. Yanzu, ga tsallaka da shuke-shuke da aka dauka, kamar yadda biyu ya bambanta, da kuma babban adadin nau'i-nau'i daga madadin haruffa. Kimiyya ka'idojin bi rinjaye da kuma recessive gādon genes kuma tsakiyan nonon sakamakon samu, wanda za a iya wakilta janar dabara (3: 1) ^n, inda n - yawan nau'i-nau'i daga madadin haruffa cewa bambanta iyaye mutane. Saboda haka, ga guda biyu-matasan ma'abota phenotypically tsagawa biyu ƙarni hybrids za siffar: (3: 1) ² = 9: 6: 1 ko 9: 3: 3: 1. Wannan shi ne, na biyu ƙarni na hybrids za a iya lura hudu iri phenotypes: mai shuka da rawaya m (9/16) daga gare ta, da rawaya wrinkled (3/16), tare da kore m (3/16) da kuma tare da kore wrinkled tsaba (part 1/16 ). Saboda haka, dokar, ko da kuwa gado samu ya riyadiyan Alqur'ani, da kuma poligibridnoe interbreeding aka gani a matsayin da ɗan monohybrid - "superimposed" a kan juna.

daban na gado

A itatuwa aure, akwai da dama iri na watsa halaye da kaddarorin daga iyaye zuwa 'ya'ya. Babban mai rarrabẽwa a nan ne siffar fasalin iko da za'ayi ko dai ta hanyar guda gene - monogenic gado, ko fiye - polygenic gādo. Tun da farko mu dubi dokar, ko da kuwa gãdon dabiu ga na daya da biyu-matasan ma'abota, wato da farko, na biyu da na uku dokar Mendel. Mu yanzu la'akari da wannan tsari a matsayin nasaba gādo. Its msar tambayar dalilin ne ka'idar Thomas Morgan, kira chromosome. Masana kimiyya sun nuna cewa, tare da halayen daukar kwayar cutar zuwa zuriya da kansa, akwai zama iri gado ne autosomal da kuma jima'i da alaka da mannewa.

A cikin wadannan lokuta, 'yan ãyõyi a mutum daya ake gaji ɗaya, kamar yadda sarrafawa da kwayoyin halittu dake a cikin wannan chromosome da kuma sanya shi a gaba da - juna. Sai suka samar da wani hadin kungiyar wanda lambar da yake daidai haploid sa na chromosomes. Alal misali, wani mutum karyotype na 46 chromosomes, wanda yayi dace 23 hadin kungiyoyin. An gano cewa, da karami da nisa tsakanin genes a kan chromosome, da ƙasa da ya auku tsakanin crossover tsari, wadda take kaiwa zuwa sabon abu na kwayoyin bambancin.

Kamar yadda gaji genes located a kan X chromosome

Muna ci gaba da karatu da alamu na gado, yin biyayya da chromosomal ka'idar Morgan. Halitta karatu sun nuna cewa duka mutane da dabbobi (kifi, da tsuntsaye, dabbobi masu shayarwa) akwai wani rukuni na ãyõyi a kan gādon inji cewa musababin wani mutum bene. Alal misali, gashi launi a Cats, launi hangen nesa da kuma jini clotting a cikin mutane ne ke iko da kwayoyin halittu dake a cikin jima'i X chromosome. Tun da lahani m adam genes phenotypically bayyana a cikin nau'i na hereditary cututtuka, gene kira. Wadannan sun hada da hemophilia da kuma launi makanta. Opening na Mendel da T. Morgan yarda su yi amfani da dokokin jinsi a cikin m yankunan al'ummar dan Adam kamar yadda magani, noma, kiwo da dabbobi, tsirrai da kwayoyin.

Dangantaka tsakanin kwayoyin halittu da dũkiyõyinsu, m

Tare da zamani a kayyade gudanar da bincike, an gano cewa, m dokokin gado ne domin kara fadada, tun da rabo daga "1 gene - 1 alamar", muhimmi, ba na kowa da kowa. A kimiyya mu zama sananne lokuta na mahara gene mataki da interactions nealellnyh su siffofi. Irin wannan nau'in hada epistasis, complementarity, polymers. Saboda haka, an gano cewa adadin melatonin fata pigment alhakin ta launi, ba a kula da wani rukuni na hereditary halaye. A mafi rinjaye genotype na mutum genes alhakin kira na da pigment, da duhu fatar jiki. Wannan misali misalta irin wannan dauki matsayin polymers. A shuke-shuke, wannan nau'i na gado muhimmi hatsi jinsunan da iyali a cikin abin da kõwace zangarniya akwai ƙwãya kala polymeric sarrafawa kungiyar kwayoyin halitta.

Saboda haka, genotype na kowane kwayoyin yana dauke da cikakken tsarin. Yana da aka kafa a sakamakon tarihi ci gaba da jinsunan - phylogeny. A jihar mafi ãyõyinMu, kuma musamman siffofin - shi ne sakamakon da gene interactions, duka biyu allelic da kuma wadanda ba allelic, kuma suna iya tasiri cikin ci gaban da dama da halaye da kwayoyin.