Laynus Poling: biography, taimako zuwa kimiyya. Multivitamins Linus Pauling da kuma sake dubawa game da su

Daya daga cikin shahararrun American sunadarai Laynus Poling ne. Biography of sha'awar ba kawai mazauna Amurka, amma mutane a duk faɗin duniya. Ba abin mamaki ba, domin ya gudanar da bincike mai bitamin - don haka rare a yau abin da ake ci kari. Kuma dole in ce, Laynus Karl Poling zo don ban sha'awa sakamakon. Wannan shi ne abin da masana kimiyya, da suka zama da lashe biyu Nobel Kyautukan, za mu yi magana a yau.

Origin da kuma yaranta Linus Pauling

Laynus Poling, wani photo da biography da aka gabatar a cikin labarin, an haife shi a Portland, Fabrairu 28, 1901 yaron ta mahaifinsa shi a harhaɗa magunguna (hoton da ke ƙasa), kuma mahaifiyarsa - a uwargida. Lokacin da Linus ya 9 shekara, mahaifinsa ya rasu. Saboda wannan, da iyali yana da wuya a material sharuddan.

Laynus Ros janye da m yaro. Ya iya duba cikin dogon kwari, amma musamman janyo hankalin Pauling ma'adanai. Ya fascinated da kuma janyo hankalin duniya na gemstones. Wannan bege ga crystal bayyana a sau da a adult rai: Masana kimiyya sun yi karatu da dama ma'adanai, dangane da ka'idar cewa ya halitta.

A cikin shekaru 13 da shekaru Pauling farko ziyarci a cikin sinadaran dakin gwaje-gwaje. Abin da ya ga akwai sanya wani babban alama a kan shi. Linus yanke shawarar yin gwaje-gwajen nan da nan. Ya aro a "sinadaran" jita-jita a kitchen tare da mahaifiyarsa, kuma nasa dakin ya zama wani wuri domin gudanar da bincike.

College

Pauling ya ba sauke karatu daga makarantar sakandare da cewa ba ya hana shi zuwa da Oregon aikin gona College, daga baya ya canza kama zuwa Jami'ar Oregon. Lokacin horo Linus tsanani sha'awar sinadaran fasaha. A cikin maraice da kuma dare ya yi tsirfa a abincinsu. Pauling yi aiki a wani gidan cin abinci na'urar wanke kwanoni, kazalika da kasawa da takarda a bugu.

Linus tafi brilliantly. Prodigy lura da malamai da kuma wani junior miƙa shi don zama wani mataimaki. Tun Pauling ya fara aiki a sashen gwada yawa Analysis. A shekara daga baya, ya zama wani mataimaki a cikin makanikai, sunadarai da kayan.

Doctoral sabawa rubuce-rubucensu, farkon aiki masanin kimiyya

Laynus Poling a 1922 ya zama tuzuru na Science (Chemical Engineering). Don aiki a kan doctoral sabawa rubuce-rubucensu, sai aka kira su zuwa ga California Cibiyar Harkokin Fasaha, located in Pasadena. Ya brilliantly kare aikinsa a shekarar 1925.

Sun masanin kimiyya ya fara yin wani aiki a Cibiyar Fasaha. Ya zama wani mataimakin farfesa riga a 1927, Mataimakiyar farfesan - a 1929. A shekarar 1931, Pauling ya riga wani farfesa a fannin sunadarai.

A binciken da na X-ray crystallography

A wannan lokaci ya samu muhimmanci basira a cikin filin na X-ray crystallography. Linus sauki karanta X-haskoki, idan ya iya tsayar da atomic tsarin al'amarin da idona. Wannan ilmi kusa da ilimi yanayin da sinadaran bond - babban fannin nazari na rayuwa. Ya tafi zuwa Turai, inda ya ziyarci wata sanannun masana kimiyya a Munich - Sommerfeld, a Zurich - E. Schrödinger a Copenhagen - Niels Bohr.

Theory hybridization (rawa)

A 1928, Linus ya sanar da ka'idar hybridization (daban-daban - rawa ka'idar). Shi ne mai real nasara a tsarin sunadarai. A wannan lokaci, har yanzu sun kasa warware matsalar na gani na tsarin da kaddarorin da mahadi a cikin sinadaran dabara. Duk da cewa masana kimiyya sun amince da amfani da wata dash to nuna wani valence bond, akwai mai yawa uncertainties. Gaskiyar cewa a gaskiya shi ya fi rikitarwa makircinsu kõma a kan takarda.

Ba da da ewa mu bukatar ƙarin zane-zane da. A musamman, idan connection ya iyakacin duniya, shi ne bugu da žari kibiya. idan ta kasance ionic - a kan kwayoyin halitta bugu da žari sa pluses da minuses. Duk da haka, wannan ba yawa taimako. Sai ya juya daga cewa wani isasshen image dũkiyarsu da kuma tsarin da wani jam'i na kwayoyin, musamman hadaddun, kamata ya yi koma ga dama tsarin dabarbari. A musamman da shi ya wajaba a gare biyar benzene. Tun da kowane an dauki dabam ba, ba daya daga cikinsu ba daidai bayyana da kaddarorin da kuma tsarin da aromatic fili.

Pauling samarwa da ra'ayin shi ne cewa kwayoyin ne sakamakon rawa, watau overlapping da dama Tsarin. Lokacin da kowanne daga cikin wadannan Tsarin musamman bayyana daban-daban sinadaran Properties da kwayoyin tsarin.

A 1939 kuma ya bayyana a cikin aikin na Linus "The yanayin da sinadaran bond." Masana kimiyya amfani da jimla ka'idar don ta warware matsaloli daban-daban ta kimiyya. Wannan yarda shi ya bayyana da yawa daga disparate facts daga wani hadade msar tambayar matsayi.

sabon binciken

Laynus Poling a cikin biyu da rabi na 1930s zuwa nazarin tsarin kwayoyin a kan tushen da rawa ka'idar. Its dauke a matsayin antibodies, musamman su ikon samar rigakafi. Masana kimiyya sun sanya wani yawan binciken a fagen virology, immunology, kuma Biochemistry. Alal misali, ya yi karatu da haemoglobin kwayoyin. Laynus Poling a 1951 ya buga na farko bayanin mai uku-girma kwayoyin tsarin sunadarai (co-wallafa R. Korn). Yana da aka samu ta hanyar X-ray crystallography data.

Halayen da ka'idar Pauling a cikin Tarayyar Soviet

Pauling ka'idar da ya sa iskar a cikin Tarayyar Soviet. A kasar, bayan da shan kashi na ilimin harsuna, kwamfuta masana kimiyya da kuma jinsi kafa game jimla makanikai, sa'an nan ya zama manufa na NKVD da kuma sunadarai. A ka'idar rawa Pauling, kazalika da ka'idar mesomerism K. Ingold, alaka da shi, su ne babban hari na kai hare-hare. Tarayyar Soviet bayyana cewa Pauling wakilci a real kwayoyin matsayin talakawan tsakanin biyu ko fiye da matsananci m Tsarin - ƙunshe da bourgeois. Yuni 11, 1951 da aka gudanar All-Union taro a kan wanda matsalar da sinadaran tsarin da aka dauke. A wannan taron, da rawa ka'idar da aka ci.

Nobel Kyautukan da sauran nasarori Pauling

Duk da haka, kai Linus yaba da aka kimanta a kasashen waje. Pauling a 1954 aka ba da kyautar Nobel domin nazarin yanayin da sinadaran bond, kazalika da aikace-aikace zuwa nazarin Tsarin mahadi. Kuma a cikin 1962 da masanin kimiyyar samu kyautar a karo na biyu - kamar yadda wani jirgin saman soja domin zaman lafiya.

Pauling ne marubucin game da 250 kimiyya wallafe da kuma littattafai masu yawa, ciki har da musamman a cikin zurfin da sauki littafi a kan zamani sunadarai. A shekara ta 1948, domin nasarori a kimiyya, ya fara kai da American Chemical Society, kuma an zabe shi a National Academy of Sciences na Amurka da kuma wasu kimiyya al'ummu na kasashe daban-daban.

zaman

Sane da irin barazanar da makaman nukiliya ga bil'adama, Linus fara rayayye yaƙi da halittar sabon makaman nukiliya. Wannan masanin kimiyyar yana daga cikin initiators na Pugwash motsi. Pauling a shekarar 1957 ya wuce, wani roko ga babban sakataren MDD, ya sanya hannu ta 11.021 masana kimiyya wakiltar} asashe 49. A cikin littafin 1958 "Kada ku fita zuwa yaƙi!" Laynus Poling bayyana pacifistic views.

A cikin watan Yuni 1961 da masanin kimiyyar da matarsa kira wani taro a Norway (Oslo), jigo na wanda - wajen magance yaduwa na makaman nukiliya. Duk da magani Linus zuwa Nikita Khrushchev, a watan Satumba na wannan shekara Tarayyar Soviet koma gwaji. Kuma a watan Maris na shekara ta gaba, haka kuma Amurka. Sa'an nan masanin kimiyya fara gudanar da wani radiation saka idanu na radioactivity. Pauling ya rarraba bayanai da cewa matakin ya karu da rabin idan aka kwatanta da na baya shekaru 16 a watan Oktoba 1962. Bugu da ƙari, Pauling ya da wani daftarin yarjejeniya a kan haramcin irin wannan gwaji. A watan Yuli 1963, Tarayyar Soviet, da Amurka da kuma Birtaniya sun sanya hannu da shi.

The masanin kimiyyar ya daina aiki a California Cibiyar Fasaha a shekarar 1963 da kuma fara aiki a cikin jama'a cibiyoyin bincike, located in Santa Barbara. A nan sai ya fara magance matsalolin da yaki da zaman lafiya. Linus ya za'ayi jerin gwaje-gwajen a da barazana da rediyoaktif samu. Masu bincike ya gano cewa rediyoaktif abubuwa sa cutar sankarar bargo, kashi ciwon daji, thyroid ciwon daji da kuma wasu sauran cututtuka. Duk da cewa Linus daidai rayayye tone makamai tseren for Tarayyar Soviet da kuma gwamnatin {asar Amirka, wasu mazan jiya 'yan siyasa tambayi biyayya ga Amurka.

A shekarar 1969, masana kimiyya tsaya aiki a Jami'ar California, inda za'ayi karatu na shekaru biyu. Ya yi shi don nuna rashin amincewarsu ga gudana Reagan, gwamnan California, da ilimi da manufofin. Linus ya fara aiki a Stanford University farfesa.

Personal rayuwa Pauling

A 1922, wani masanin kimiyya aure zuwa wani dalibi a Oregon aikin gona College - Ava Helen Miller (photo shi ne nuna a kasa). Bã su da wani ya da 'ya'ya uku maza. A shekarar 1981, Ava Helen mutu. Bayan ta mutuwa Pauling zauna a California a cikin Big Sur inda kasar su gidan ya.

Orthomolecular magani Pauling

Pauling ne mai taimako, kuma mai kiran kasuwa na da ake kira orthomolecular magani. Its ainihi ta'allaka ne da cewa magani ne da za'ayi amfani da abubuwa da suke da ba a jikin mutum. Masana kimiyya yi imani da cewa domin ya lashe a kan daya ko wani cuta kawai bukatar canza ta maida hankali daidai. Its Scientific da Medical Cibiyar da aka kafa a 1973, don gano hanyoyin da za a bi da kuma hana cutar ta cinyewa da ake buƙata kashi na ma'adanai da kuma bitamin. Pauling yi imani da cewa yana da muhimmanci musamman ga cinye yalwa da bitamin C. A 1979 wani littafi ya bayyana cewa masanin kimiyyar da ake kira "Cancer da kuma Vitamin C". An ruwaito cewa ascorbic acid yakan taimaka jimre wannan hatsari cutar. Laynus Poling "Vitamin C da kuma zubar hanci" halitta a cikin wannan shekara. Duka wadannan littattafai gana da jimami a kan wani ɓangare na likitoci, amma sun zama quite rare.

Bincike na ascorbic Acid

Vitamins Dr. Linus Pauling riga sha'awar a cikin tsofaffi. Nazarin ascorbic acid da kuma yiwuwar asibiti amfani da wani masanin kimiyya kishin karshe shekaru 30 na rayuwarsa, da kuma zo ga ƙarshe cewa yin amfani da shi a cikin manyan yawa yana da kyau sakamako a kan jikin mutum.

Nan da nan ya kamata a lura cewa babu wani daga cikin bitamin ba zai cece ka idan ka shiryar da wani m salon. Su za a iya kwatanta ta da bel. Lokacin da wani mutum da aka saka, shi kawai ya hana shi a cikin wani gaggawa, amma bai da garantin mai hadari tafiya. Vitamins suna ma kawai ba mu ƙarin kariya. Tabbatarwa da ayyukansu - aiki da kuma tsawon rai na masanin kimiyya a matsayin Laynus Poling. Vitamin C, sai ya riƙi a cikin adadin 18 grams per day, da kuma bitamin E (tocopherol) - 800 Iu, fara daga na bakwai shekaru goma. Linus ya iya rayuwa har zuwa 93 shekaru! A shekarar 1994, Laynus Poling mutu. Taqaitaccen Tarihin shi shawara cewa ya ba fama da wani tsanani cuta.

Af, ko da m abokan adawar na masana kimiyya sun yarda da cewa ascorbic acid da amfani ga kiwon lafiya. M muhawara ta kasance kawai ta yawa underway shekaru da yawa, wanda ya kamata a dauka.

Abin da statistics?

Academy of Sciences bada shawarar cewa ya fara tasawa namiji kullum ci na 60 MG na bitamin C. The Russian matsayin bambanta dangane da shekaru, jima'i da kuma sana'a na mutum. Domin maza shi ne 60-110 MG ga mata - 55-80. A wadannan manyan yawa da aka ba na hypovitaminosis (zub da jini gumis, gajiya) ko scurvy. Mutanen da suka cinye fiye da 50 MG na ascorbic acid da rana, bisa ga statistics, akwai alamun tsufa a shekaru 10 baya, fiye da sauran.

Vitamins Linus Pauling

Feedback a kan su yi amfani da zo daga ko'ina a cikin duniya. Vitamins ƙarfafa tsarin na rigakafi, ba mai kyau bayyanar, a lura da vivacity da kuma samar da makamashi, kamar yadda mutane suka ce. Suna ƙara zama rare a matsayin abin da ake ci kari. Muna magana ne game da irin wannan hadadden samar a yau, a matsayin "Super Multi-Bitamin" Dr. Linus Pauling. Ya kunshi fiye da 40 bitamin, ganye aka gyara, ma'adanai, sarauta jelly. A karshen yana da immunostimulating da anti-mai kumburi Properties, da kuma qara jiki da hankulansu yi. Multivitamins Linus Pauling shawarar a matsayin kutta wakili. Wannan hadadden ne ƙarin tushen ma'adanai da kuma bitamin.