Letter litattafan Gogol zuwa Belinsky: summary, analysis

A lokacin daya da rabi ƙarni na ilimi Rasha ungiyoyin jama'a da hannu a cikin m, kwaminisanci motsi, tare da amfani da nazari akai shahara shawara tsakanin V. G. Belinskim kuma N. V. Gogolem, ba zaɓi ga farko shawara.

wallafe-wallafen zargi

Bayan 1917, da shawarwari na wadannan manyan mutanen da aka hada a general ilimi da darussa. Duk da haka, a cikin litattafan shi aka bayyana ne kawai a ra'ayi bayar da shawarwari ta hanyar Belinskiy V. G. Letter to litattafan Gogol nuna hali zuwa ga gaskiya nuna Solidarity da ya tunani na m-demokra] iyya ra'ayoyin. Nikolai wannan yana zartuwa ga Conservatives. A litattafan Gogol zurfin tunani na juyin juya halin Musulunci Rasha ya ba kawai ba a bukata ba, amma ko da cutarwa. All shari'u cewa emanated daga gare shi, da aka zaci a cikin mafi kyau idan, fassara, ta haka sun canza su a hayin fitarwa. Shekaru da dama, da na aikin wallafe-wallafen faye hali litattafan Gogol a gefe daya ne kawai. Ya yi kamar wani mai zargi na "al'umma a cikin abin da ya rayu." Ya nuna yadda wani marubuci wanda aikin ya nẽmi kawai domin ya nuna korau al'amurran data kasance bourgeois mai masauki na duniya, anti-mutane yanayin da autocracy. A ruhaniya gefe na Nikolai zauna a inuwa.

Dalilin muhawara

Disamba 31, 1846 zo cikin littafin littafin litattafan Gogol. Yana da aka kira "zaba Nassoshi daga Mu'amala tare da abokai". Fushi Belinsky kusan nan da nan ya rubuta wata wasika zuwa ga litattafan Gogol. A da shi, ya kira littafin "munanan", zargin da ta marubucin jãhilci daga gaskiya. A samfurin ƙarshe aka abada janye daga wurare dabam dabam da kuma sanya shi a cikin rufe ajiya. Rasha yarda ka karanta "Sufeto", "Matattu Rayukan", "Wii", "Nevsky Prospect" da sauran almarar. Duk da haka, marubucin kansa ya kira "zaba Nassoshi ..." da makaɗaicin m littafin. A halin yanzu, ta koma zuwa ga masu karatu.

jama'a ra'ayi

Littafi 1846 ya sa a ci-gaba Rasha jama'a ƙeta doka. A lokacin wadannan shekaru, mawallafa, da dama sun sa a gaba wasu dalilai mabambanta ga litattafan Gogol rubuta shi. Wasu ce cewa shi ne mai wuya da kuma m m marubucin wanda ya rasa da dama fahimtar gaskiyar kewaye da shi. Wasu ji cewa littafin ya nuna wani rauni, ba kawai a matsayin zurfin tunani, amma dukan mutumin. Duk da haka wasu ce cewa litattafan Gogol tsoratar da karshe da suka biyo daga sauran ayyukan art. Fourth yi imani da cewa littafin ya nuna akida hawa da sauka daga mawallafin, wanda ya sami kansa a kama a tarko a camfi da reactionary utopias.

Belinsky wasika ga litattafan Gogol: summary

An yi imani da cewa shi kusantar da layi na adabi zargi ayyukan, kamar yadda aka rubuta jim kadan kafin mutuwarsa. Lenin yi imani da cewa wasika zuwa litattafan Gogol da aka daya daga cikin fice ayyukan da mulkin demokra] iyya ba bisa doka ba latsa. Its darajar yana kiyaye ko da na dogon lokaci. A farko, da littafin "zaba Nassoshi ..." an tashe shi a matsayin banner, haɗu da wani m mayar da martani a kan wani ɓangare na al'umma. Duk da haka, hukunci rebuff ta ba da wasika zuwa litattafan Gogol. Abin da masu sukar ce? A cikin Lines, ya ba da wani tausayi faye hali na marubuci. Sukar lamiri kira shi "mai wa'azi na bulala, manzo da jãhilci, zakara na obscurantism da obscurantism panegyrist Tartar dabi'u." Belinsky wasika ga litattafan Gogol, a takaice abin da retold Petrashevzy kuma duk m da'ira na al'umma, wani magana da bukatun da kuma ra'ayoyin da mutane a kan autocracy, serfdom. Masu sukar ce cewa a baya marubuci tone tsarist gwamnati, izgili a gonaki yi yaƙi da serfdom. Revolutionary da'irar dauki litattafan Gogol. Ya sanya dukan ƙasar dariya Plyushkin Sobakevich, sufeto-janar, wanda babu shakka ƙwarai gudanar da gwagwarmaya tare da su. A haƙiƙa ji, ya tone serfdom. Belinsky wasika ga litattafan Gogol Nikolai Vasilievich reminiscent na haihuwa sau. Masu sukar ce su girmama juna da kuma son ga shi, kamar yadda wani mutum, yana da alaka da vitally kasar, bauta a matsayin daya daga cikin shugabannin a kan hanyar ci gaba. Bayan da a saki na littafin "zaba Nassoshi ..." Belinsky ya ba da sosai korau review a cikin "Littafi". A lokacin da ya kira to Nikolai Vasilyevich shi ba za a iya buga, amma samu, duk da haka, mai tartsatsi ne. A ci-gaba na al'umma ba tare da wani ƙunci gane jigon da wasika zuwa litattafan Gogol. Sukar lamiri tayar wa'azin "alfãsha, kuma ya ta'allaka ne karkashin kariyar addini da kuma bulala." Belinsky nuna a wata wasika zuwa maguzawan yanayin da Rasha mutane. A lokaci guda ya gane da historicity Almasihu da kuma koyarwarsa 'yanci,' yan'uwantaka da kuma daidaito. Wasika zuwa ga litattafan Gogol, Belinsky, a takaice, ya zama manifesto da tunani da kuma ci gaba Rasha. "The sunan zargi da aka sani ga kowane wakilin m matasa", - ya ce Aksakov.

Belinsky wasika ga litattafan Gogol: analysis

Musamman high yabo ga sèka ba Lenin. Duk da yake gwamnatin ya bi don adana da kuma karanta shi. A ra'ayi na da wakili da kuma na uku reshe Petrashevists, sukar ce sanya duniya sha'awa. Belinsky wasika abubuwa a matsayin manyan tunawa da zamantakewa da tunani. Masu sukar ce game da Nikolai Vasilievich ba kamar yadda mafi kyau artist, amma a matsayin reactionary publicist. Littafinsa bayar da shawarwari Nikolaev autocracy, serfdom goyon. N. V. litattafan Gogol da aka miƙa hadaya ta mai masauki, ya yi kira da shi "uban manoma", ya nuna wajibcin biyayya gare shi. Na kagara ya kira "marsa wanki hancinsa." Mallaki gidaje litattafan Gogol sanar da mafi preying a kan baƙauye aiki, kira ga biyayya ga sarki da fādawansa, da kisan tsohon hadisai. Duk wannan ya kai ga kaifi zargi. Belinsky ce cewa Rasha ta ceto ba a asceticism, Sufi da pietism, kuma a cikin nasarar da bil'adama, da ilimi da kuma wayewa. Ya tantama saɓa wa wa'azin kira ga tada mutane ta kai girma, wanda a karnoni tattake a cikin kazanta da kuma datti. A cikin wasika zuwa litattafan Gogol Belinsky marubuci nuna da kuskure dangane da gaskiya. Masu sukar ce cewa jama'a ba zai gafarta irin wannan rashin yanci, wanda aka bayyana a cikin littafin. Magana da serfdom, Belinsky haske duk da ƙasƙancinsa. Bayan karanta "zaba Nassoshi ...", da sukar da aka buga da canje-canje da suka faru a cikin marubucin hankali. More kwanan nan, daga alkalami zo da "Sufeto" da "Matattu Rayukan" wadai mai ƙasa tsarin, yi masa ba'a. Dole ne in ce cewa a lokacin rubuta littafin litattafan Gogol zauna kasashen waje. Wannan shi ne duk wani shawara a cikin zargi. Belinsky ce cewa ba za ka iya, ka yi nesa da kasar, don fahimtar halin da ake ciki. A halin yanzu, mai zargi, da fatan cewa duk wadannan tunani na marubuci sun sakamakon da kuskure, da karfafa shi don ƙirƙirar wani counterweight aiki, wanda zai shafe sakamako na littafinsa.

Notes saƙonnin

Belinsky aka buga da kalmomi na litattafan Gogol game da amfaninsa, kuma ko da harmfulness na ƙulla ga kowa mutane. Nikolai kalmomi cewa watakila littafinsa - yaudarar, tantama ƙaryata. Belinsky ce cewa irin wannan layin tunani a Rasha ya dade da aka sani. Bugu da ƙari, sukar nuna wa rashin wani hankali da kuma iyawa a cikin aikin. Ya ce, da shi ne ba a kowace hanya shige a tãre da waɗanda halittun da aka halitta da shi a baya. Tsayawa akan matsayin cewa littafin da aka 'ya'yan itacen da shafi tunanin mutum cuta litattafan Gogol, Belinsky karfi da ake ƙi. Ya bayyana wannan da cewa rubuta shi da aka za'ayi fiye da a yini ɗaya ko biyu, da kuma watakila shekaru.

amsa Nikolai

Kamar yadda aka ce a sama, da sukar da aka buga wata kasida game da wani sabon littafin "zaba Nassoshi ..." a cikin "Littafi". Tuntuɓe sabili da shi, litattafan Gogol rubuta wata wasika zuwa Belinsky. A da shi da ya ce, da zargi na littafinsa, mafi m sa ta sirri dangantaka. A halin yanzu Belinsky fadi da rashin lafiya. Zama a Rasha, ya iya ba amsa Nikolai Vasilyevich, domin a wancan lokacin yayi tsananin takunkumi. Amma rashin lafiya ya tilasta masa je kasashen waje. Daga can ya aika da wani fushi amsa.

Letter litattafan Gogol zuwa Belinsky aka aiko a kan Agusta 10. A da shi da marubuci gigice jama'a, game da littafin. Ya ce, da ya samu game da 50 sake dubawa kuma sun kasance, duk daban-daban. Nikolai gane cewa, a gaskiya, a talauci gane halin da ake ciki. Duk da haka, wata wasika litattafan Gogol zuwa Belinsky a kira su tuba ga "zaba Nassoshi ...". Haka kuma, zamu iya cewa ya ba a gane kuskure na ra'ayin, binciken, kalmomi da ra'ayoyin. Sai kawai Ya ce cewa ya kamata zo Rasha, da kuma duba sake gano duk akwai su da shi. A karshe wasika litattafan Gogol zuwa Belinsky nuna unwillingness marubucin don ƙirƙirar wani sabon abu, kafin ya bai ziyarci kasar. Marubucin haka ya yi imanin cewa har ma da wadanda mutane suke a Rasha, ba zai iya cika fahimta dukan halin da ake ciki. Kunna don Vissarionu Grigorevichu, ya nuna cewa, ya kuma jam'iyyarsa kuma ba zai iya sanin abubuwa da dama da aka sani zuwa gare shi. Haka kuma, cikakken fahimtar dalilan da ya sa haifar da "zaba Nassoshi ...", ba zai iya zama. Litattafan Gogol ta harafi to Belinsky ba inganta wani abu, babu inda ya kira. Nikolai yayi kokarin gaskata a wasu hanya don bayyana jihar na surface. A lokaci guda ya gane cewa, mafi m, da maganarsa za resonate tare da zargi.

Litattafan Gogol ta harafi to Belinsky nuna Jihar marubucin. Ya kasance tawayar kuma kusan halakãsu da sukar. Progressive da'irori gana da fushin aikinsa, amma farincikin tattauna amsar G. Vissarion. Duk da goyon bayan da ya bayar da gwamnatinsa littafin, litattafan Gogol bai fuskanci gamsuwa wanda ya sa ran. A ta mayar da martani ga zargi da shi ba ya nuna hakikanin dalilan da ya sa ya rubuta littafin. Letter litattafan Gogol zuwa Belinsky alama mai hazo da kuma Heart, idan aka kwatanta da sako na zargi. Duk da haka, shi ne gane cewa ma mayar da hankali a kansu. A lokaci guda ya nuna Belinsky cewa ya ma "warwatse." Ya ce, da sèka watsi da bukatar san dukan abin da ya san kansa fahimta da muradi da tunani. Litattafan Gogol Belinsky wasika daga 1847 buri ga lafiyar ka gudanar fita. Nikolai Vissarionu Grigorevichu tunatar da mu cewa kawai babu cuta na iya zama m gudanar da harkokin mulki lokuta a wani filin.

binciken

Litattafan Gogol Belinsky nuna cewa, baya ga Rasha, da halin da ake ciki ya zama alama quite farin ciki. Duk da haka, shi ba zai zama kusa da kyau sosai. Litattafan Gogol ya yarda da shi. Duk da haka, tare da wannan, kuma ya ce da sukar lamiri kansa abubuwa da yawa ba zai iya sani. Amma, sabanin Belinsky, litattafan Gogol nuna cewa yana shirye ya yarda da kuskure da kuma aiki a kan su. A wannan yanayin, wannan bege ba ganin zargi, wanda, ba shakka, yana da matukar takaici. Ya ce, da Rasha ne a kan dokin mai girma events cewa bukatar mutane don duba rai daga kõwane, ba kuma suna gaggawar shiga cikin wani juyin mulki. Zai yiwu litattafan Gogol gaske da aka rinjayi addini koyarwarsa. Hasashe cewa, ya yi, ya aiko da tunani zuwa ga autocracy. Ya yi magana game da m dangane da jama'a, da sarkin, da bukatar a kiyaye shi da kuma ci gaba. Wannan da nasa, da ra'ayoyi da cewa ya bi baya. Duk da haka, saboda ta Belinsky ta amsa cewa watsi da tunani, ba ya nufin. Yana shirye ya sake bincika kawai Rasha da kuma Jihar harkokin akwai. Amma shi ne mafi kusantar, ya wajaba a gare shi ya ma fi girma tabbaci daga cikin ra'ayoyin.

Communication ma'aikata

Belinsky da kuma litattafan Gogol sun zarar kyau abokai da kuma magoya bayan na wasu ideas. Na farko, a matsayin zargi, da na sa a gaba da gwamnatin ta karfi zamantakewa da siyasa da bukatunsu, da nacewa a kan haduwa da gaggawa bukatun da baƙauye talakawa, wadanda suka karkiyar serfdom. Daga cikin mafi latsa al'amurran da suka shafi na mu na lokaci, ya danganta soke fanarite, gabatarwar m tilasta yin aiki da dokokin data kasance. A key umurni da aka kifar da tsarin na serfdom. Litattafan Gogol, bi da bi, kamar yadda wani marubuci ya mai shaida, a cikin gonaki, jami'an autocracy. Shi ne a cikin wannan converged ra'ayoyi na wadannan mutane. Belinsky, haskakãwa da wulãkantãwa matsayi na manoma, rubuta cewa Rasha ta zama m kasar, wanda shi ne fataucin bil-adama. A jihar akwai ba kawai babu tabbacin ga dukiya, da girma, da hali, amma kuma 'yan sanda domin. A primary aiki na Belinsky gan halakar serfdom. Wallafe-wallafen aikin, a cikin ra'ayi, ya zama shiriya ga mutane. Kamar yadda wani marubuci, sai ya ga shugabannin da sabon tsarin mulki. Daga cikin su babban daraja da kuma soyayya, kuma na Belinsky, da kuma sauran 'yan ci-gaba jama'a dadin litattafan Gogol. Amma, in je kasashen waje, ya wallafa wani littafi da cewa overturns duk Ganin cewa a game da shi.

ƙarshe

Amsawa ga zargi, litattafan Gogol ba ya haifar da wani muhawara a cikin ni'imar. Ya kawai ya furta da hujjojin da kafa. A'a, a cikin wasika da sha'awar inganta, "tunanin sake", to hakuri, bayan duk, kafin jama'a. Littafinsa ya ba a lokacin gane da m sassa na al'umma. Yana da aka saboda yafi da cewa da mutane sun zurfi so ga wani sabon, free rai cewa samar da autocracy bai iya.