Yumbu material: Properties, masana'antu da fasaha, da aikace-aikacen

A farko kumar kasko bayyana dogon kafin mutane koya yadda za a smelt karfe. Ancient tukwane da tulunan da archaeologists sun samu wannan rana, suna hujja da cewa. Ya kamata a lura da cewa yumbu abu yana da musamman Properties cewa yin shi a wasu yankunan kawai irreplaceable. Bari mu raba tare da ku musamman tukwane, magana game da samar da da kuma halaye.

Overview

Yumbu kayayyakin samu ta hanyar sintering garwayayye daga lãka kuma Organic Additives. Wani lokaci da yin amfani da inorganic oxide mahadi. A farko daga cikin wadannan articles sun bayyana 5000 da suka wuce. A wannan lokaci, samar da fasaha ta inganta, da kuma a yau mun sami damar zuwa high-ƙarfi yumbu kayayyakin. Suna amfani da shiri domin facades, benaye, da ginin ganuwar, kuma haka a. D.

Akwai kumar kasko da wani m da porous crocks. A key bambanci tsakanin biyu ne cewa m crock ne mai hana ruwa. Wannan ain, bene tiles, da dai sauransu A porous crock - .. Rufin tiles, yumbu dutse, magudanun ruwa bututu da kuma more.

A tarihin abin da ya faru

The kalmar "tukwane" a Girkanci nufin "lãka". Babu shakka, domin yi na wani samfurin da shi yi amfani da wani irin cakuda. A ya ƙara da zama dole kayan dangane da abin da ake bukata don samun a karshen. A farko hannu, da kuma kadan daga baya, da kuma a kan wani musamman inji kumar kasko aka haɗe zuwa wani musamman form. Daga bisani yumbu articles aka kora a wani gini a high zazzabi.

Kasashe da dama amfani da nasu fasahar. Wannan ya shafi talakawa kumar kasko, zanen da glazing. Na farko da kasar wanda ya samu gagarumin ci gaban da wannan masana'antar, an dauke Misira. Shi ne samar da tukwane da aka kafa a can da fari. A kayayyakin da aka yi da m da talauci gauraye laka, amma a nan gaba da kuma inganta fasahohin. Yau tubalin an sanya daga rawaya lãka, wanda ake zargin da aka yi amfani da shiri na pyramids na Memphis.

Ana zargin ain

Na dogon lokaci a kasar Sin ta amfani da wani abu kamar Jade. Yana da kyau, amma quite m, da wuya a rike. Bayan shekaru na binciken wani bayani da aka samu. Ain ne mafi sauki zuwa tsirar. Duk da haka, akwai wasu nuances. Alal misali, Mica da tsvaoku, wanda aka located in "china duwatsu", da aka kasa zuwa cikin wani lafiya foda da kuma adana fiye da shekaru 10. Wannan ya yi don tabbatar da cewa abu ne ya zama mafi malleable. A farko ain kaya a kasar Sin kasance high da elongated tasoshin. Bã su da wani goge surface da kuma blue ko duhu kore. Recent mai daraja mafi.

Yau, an yi imani cewa, kasar Sin ne a kasar, inda da ain da aka rarraba mafi yadu. Wannan gaskiya ne, ko da yake ya kasance rare a Turai, amma kuma ya bayyana a can baya, kuma ta samar ya ci gaba ba.

The main iri tukwane

A halin yanzu, kayayyakin lãka da m rarrabuwa. Saboda haka, kumar kasko abubuwa za a iya raba biyu main kungiyoyin:

• unglazed tukwane (terracotta kuma kumar kasko).
• glazed (majolica, faience, ain, fireclay).

Terracotta - Italian for "gasa duniya". Products aka sanya na launin lãka, kuma suna da wani porous tsarin. Terracotta yi vases, jita-jita, kazalika da toys da fale-falen.

Tukwane tukwane ne mafi wuya ga tsari. Domin su sa shi mai hana ruwa, polishing zama dole. Sa'an nan samfurin ne hõre moraine. A saboda wannan dalili, shi ne bar a zafi kiln hayaki har sanyi. Yau, da yawa iri tukwane, kumar kasko musamman, su ne musamman rare. Ana amfani da a gidaje domin ajiya na madara, girma kayan ko matsayin ado.

Kamar yadda a karo na biyu da irin - glazed tukwane, a nan cikin rare china da kuma earthenware. Tsohon ne mafi tsada da kuma lokaci-cinyewa, don samar, na biyu - m, kuma m. Suka sãɓã wa jũna a tsakãninsu da cewa ain kayayyakin dauke da kasa lãka, kuma mafi musamman Additives. Bugu da ƙari kuma, ain da aka hasken haske, sabanin ain.

a kan refractories

Products ne garwayayye daga lãka tsaurin. Dangane da manufar su iya jure yanayin zafi na 1 300 zuwa 2000 digiri Celsius, har ma mafi girma. Used musamman yumbu gagarumar wuta. Tsaurin kayan a cikin mafi girma da lambar amfani a cikin metallurgical tsari. Akwai su aka yi amfani da shiri na tsãwa Tanderu da aggregates.

Shi ne ma'ana da cewa tare da kara yawan zafin jiki na tsaurin ƙarfi ba a rasa ba, amma ya karu. Wannan shi ne cimma saboda gaban a tsaurin oxides, silicates, kuma borides. Suna amfani da kusan ko'ina, inda akwai high-zazzabi tafiyar matakai. Sau da yawa sosai da suka faru dimbin yawa, watau a cikin wani nau'i na musamman samfurin, ka ce: Shin, wani tubali. Kadan sau da yawa na bukatar yin amfani da unshaped refractories matsayin foda.

Tukwane a yi

A abũbuwan amfãni daga cikin yumbu kayan ne cewa su hannun jari ne ba musamman da iyaka. Tare da sauƙi na samar da high karko na samfurin, yanzu shi ne ba makawa a yi masana'antu. Idan ka dauki bango kayan, ya mamaye wani abu matsayi a nan shi ne lãka tubali.

Haka ya shafi yumbu fale-falen, wanda, duk da zargin polymers ba tare da rasa ƙasa. Ta har yanzu amfani da sarari kayan aiki da high zafi da kuma yawan zafin jiki. Daga cikin ta kayan mukamansu farko kankare block.

A cikin shekaru 'yan shekaru, a 4% karuwa a samar da tsarin lãka tayal da tubali. Domin su masana'antu da ake bukata kadan canje-canje a cikin tubali masana'antu, inda ta halin kaka suna recouped a cikin shekarar farko na tallace-tallace. A} asashen waje da m tukwane sun dogon shagaltar da manyan matsayi, kuma ana sayar da yawa fiye da yadda ya saba tubali.

Special yumbu kayan

Irin kayayyakin hada da tsafta da kuma najasa bututu. A farko ne zuwa kashi uku manyan kungiyoyin:

• wuya ain (porous crock).
• tsafta ain (sintered crock).
• semiporcelain (semisintered crock).

Babban bukatun don wani tsafta kayayyakin - mai jure inji lalacewa, zafi juriya. The halitta dole ne a kiyaye a cikin m domin, wannan ya shafi fasaha. Yana amfani kawai sana'a kiln tukwane da kuma high quality raw kayan. Domin tsafta ware kamata hada sinks, toilets, bathtubs, radiators, da dai sauransu A tabbatar hanyar tabbatar da ingancin samfurin - .. A haske tapping a kan ƙwanso. The sauti ya zama mai tsabta, kuma ba tare da rattling. Wannan ya nuna da harbe-harben a dama da zazzabi, kuma babu fasa.

Amma ga lambatu bututu, su ya kamata a mai yawa caked crock. Yumbu shambura ake kerarre tare da diamita na 150-600 mm. Yawancin lokaci glaze rufe biyu ciki da waje. Domin wadannan kayayyakin ne halin high jure m yanayin da kau- wutar lantarki. Da m price, abin da ya sa su more m.

Physicochemical Properties na tukwane

Kamar yadda aka ambata riga, duk kayayyakin za a iya raba su kashi biyu kungiyoyin: m da porous. M da ruwa sha kudi na kasa da 5%, porous - 5% ko fiye. lãka tubali (porous da kuma m), m masonry raka'a, fale-falen, fale-falen ga rufin: A karshen kungiyar hada da wadannan kayayyakin. M yumbu kayayyaki - hanya tubalin da kasa tiles. A cikin tsafta kansu shi hadu biyu porous da kuma m yumbu.

Magana game da jiki da kuma sinadaran Properties, ya kamata a lura da rashin wani key tukwane. Ya kunshi a ƙara brittleness idan aka kwatanta da sauran kayan. Duk da haka, high kasancewa da versatility sa wannan abu daya daga cikin mafi mashahuri a cikin mutane da yawa masana'antu, har ma a rayuwar yau da kullum. Modern fasahar tozartar samu m surface nan da nan bayan harbe-harben. Idan ka so a cimma wani launi, sai ƙara oxides na baƙin ƙarfe ne da cobalt.

microstructure Features

Bayan dumama tukwane hankali zama ruwa. Yana siffofi da wani babban yawan sauki da kuma hadadden mahadi. Lokacin da sanyaya crystallization daukan wuri. An bayyana a cikin asarar tsarki lu'ulu'u wanda kara a size. Lokacin da taro taurare, tsarin kafa mikrokonglomerat. Yana mullite hatsi cemented ƙarfafa taro. Ya kamata ka biya da hankali cewa oxygen kwayoyin halitta ya samar da wata irin matrix. Ya ƙunshi kadan karfe kwayoyin halitta, wanda ake musanya a cikin interstices therebetween. Saboda haka, a cikin microstructure preobladayut ionic da covalent shaidu da ɗan ƙasa. Chemical zaman lafiya da kuma kwanciyar hankali cimma by gaban karfi da kuma m sinadaran mahadi.

Kamar yadda muka gani a sama, da yin amfani da yumbu kayan yana da iyaka. Wannan shi ne saboda cewa da lu'ulu'u ajizai ne. Lattices da yawa lahani: nukiliya rami size, warping, da dai sauransu All wannan ƙwarai tabarbarewa.Idan da tauri ... Duk da haka, akwai nan da ta nuances. Alal misali, da batun fasahar lokacin ƙiren ƙarya da wani irin tukwane ne quite yiwu a cimma sakamako mai kyau a ƙarfi. Don wannan karshen, yana da muhimmanci mu cika da zazzabi da tsawon harbe-harben kayayyakin.

Halaye da kuma kaddarorin lãka

Clay - sedimentary dutse da cewa shi ne mai zaman kanta da abun da ke ciki da kuma tsarin da roba abu siffofin lokacin da gauraye da ruwa. Bayan harbe-harben - kamnevidnoe jiki. Yawanci, da cakuda shi ne m, sun fi mayar hada da aluminum silicates. Sau da yawa samu a clays da dutse kamar ma'adini, feldspar, pyrites da hydroxides da carbonates na alli, magnesium, kuma titanium mahadi.

Kaolin - mai kyau lãka, wanda an san kwanan wata. Ya kunshi kusan gaba ɗaya na kaolinite. Bayan harbe-harben saya da wani farin launi. Dole domin aiki plasticity aka samu da gaban lafiya hatsi a cikin tsarin da lãka abu (0.005 mm). Babu shakka, da mafi hada da irin wannan abu, da plasticity na sama, da kuma mataimakin versa.

Babban Properties na yumbu lãka kamata hada da:

• plasticity - nakasawa ba tare da breakage.
• Mai haɗawa;
• iska da kuma wuta shrinkage.
• wuta juriya.

Yau, daban-daban maras nauyi kamarsa ba, kuma enriching Additives cewa musanyãwa ga kayan Properties a ko dai shugabanci. Wannan take kaiwa zuwa gaskiyar cewa yumbu kayayyakin suna zama mafi rare kuma m.

Manufacturing flowsheet

Faye hali na yumbu kayan da shawara da yiwuwar amfani da lãka a daban-daban da masana'antu. Wannan ya kai ga cewa akwai wani babban bukatar, kuma saboda haka, ya karu tayin. Tsire-tsire domin samar da mafi yawan aiki a kan wannan makirci:

• bincike.
• horo;
• siffata da bushewa.
• ƙõnuwa da samfurin saki.

Don rage girman mai kudin ne yawanci ma'aikata ne da ake gina a nan da nan kusanci na ajiya daga lãka. Hakar ta bude hanyar, cewa an excavated. A mataki na gaba shi ne nauyi horo. A albarkatun kasa da aka wadãtar, niƙa da gauraye har sai m. Siffata da Future na yumbu samfurin da aka za'ayi da rigar da kuma bushe tafiyar matakai. A farkon harka, da taro na humidified zuwa 25%, kuma a karo na biyu - ba fiye da 12%.

A baya can sau da yawa amfani halitta bushewa. Duk da haka, sakamakon dogara sun fi mayar a kan yanayin. Saboda haka, a cikin ruwan sama, ko sanyi shuka tsaye. Saboda haka, musamman masu na'urorin busa amfani (gas). A mafi muhimmanci mataki ne ƙõnuwa. Yana da muhimmanci mu tsayar da fasaha, wanda aka quite wuya. Yawa ya dogara da yumbu sanyaya. Babu kwatsam zazzabi drop wanda zai iya sa warping jirgin sama. Kawai sai za ku iya sayar da yumbu kayan. samar da fasaha, kamar yadda za ka iya gani, ba da sauki, ta kunshi dama, saukarwa. Kowace daga cikinsu ya kamata a mutunta. Idan wannan bai faru, a kan store shelves, za mu iya saduwa da aure.

A kadan game da shortcomings na yumbu

Kamar yadda aka ambata riga, da abun da ke ciki na yumbu abu ne ba manufa. A musamman, wannan yana rinjayar da ƙarfi daga cikin samfurin sanya daga lãka. Duk wani inji lalacewar iya bayyana a matsayin kwakwalwan kwamfuta, fasa da sauransu. N. Wannan ne key shortcoming. Amma akwai wasu abubuwan da hana da tartsatsi watsa daga cikin kayan kafin mu. Daya daga cikinsu - babban kudin. Alal misali, yumbu fale-falen ga rufin kasa gidan - kyau daga wani ado ra'ayi da mafita, amma kudin ne tsada sosai da yardarSa.

A wannan yanayin, ta bayyanar zai zama ba fiye da shekaru 5 da ta dace kula. Bugu da ari, akwai aka Fading, da ya faru na gansakuka a farfajiya da kuma m. N. Bugu da kari, da brittleness da brittleness take kaiwa zuwa da cewa wani inji lalacewar zai iya haifar da yayyo daga cikin rufi, kuma shi riga sosai 'yan mutane ji dadin. Hakika, na zamani yumbu abu dubi sosai m, wanda aka samu ta hanyar wani m texture launuka da kuma high quality masana'antu. Amma yana da daraja yana da har yanzu tsada, shi sau da yawa kiwata tambayoyi game da ya dace da wannan zabi.

don takaita

Mun gani da asali Properties na yumbu kayan. Bisa dukkan sama, wanda zai iya yanke hukuncin cewa wannan kayayyakin da wasu bambancinsa. shi ya ta'allaka ne da cewa a cikin rashi na inji lalacewa, su za su dauwama a sosai dogon lokaci. Bugu da ƙari, cikin yumbu abu ga Jefo narkakkar azurfa a tsire-tsire ne ma ba makawa, saboda withstands high yanayin zafi.

Kamar yadda ya zuwa yanzu kamar yadda rayuwar yau da kullum, a nan tukwane a sosai m. Cutlery da kayayyakinsa domin dafa a cikin tanda, ko da yake ya canza ta bayyanar a tsawon shekaru, amma har yanzu sanya wannan abu. Ain, duk da hakan kudin, yana da wani sumul look da kawai faranta wa ido. Wannan kuma ya shafi ain, wanda tare da ta dace kisa da wuya a bambanta daga china.

A cikin wani hali wajibi ne a yi amfani da yumbu abu. Wannan shi ne da farko saboda manyan reserves na halitta lãka. Its sosai da yawa, kuma a kowace shekara ɓullo da ƙarin da mafi quarries wannan halitta hanya. Na biyu muhimmanci factor - muhalli friendliness. Kafin, mutane ba su da yiwuwar yin amfani da duk wani cutarwa Additives don inganta karfin halaye na samfurin. Yau da halin da ake ciki ya canza, ko da yake ba ma m. Yumbu tayal, sabanin roba kayan da ba su da cutarwa ga lafiyar jiki. Wannan kuma ya shafi jita-jita sanya daga tukwane, wanda, a lokacin da idan aka kwatanta da roba, musamman idan karshen ne mai tsanani, ba cutarwa a duk.