Ma'adanai: sunan. Irin ma'adanai (photo)

Nature ya ba mutum damar ji dadin amfanin samar da shi. Saboda haka, mutane suna zaune dadi sosai da kuma samun abin da kuke bukatar. Bayan duk, ruwa, gishiri, da karafa, da man fetur, wutar lantarki da kuma wasu masu yawa - duk halitta a cikin wata halitta hanya kuma baya tuba zuwa da ake so siffar ga wani mutum.

Haka ya shafi yanayin irin kayayyakin kamar yadda ma'adanai. Wadannan mutane da yawa daban-daban crystal Tsarin ne wani muhimmin albarkatun kasa ga babbar adadin da dama masana'antu tafiyar matakai a cikin tattalin arziki aiki na mutane. Saboda haka, mu yi la'akari da, abin da suke da irin ma'adanai da cewa kullum wakiltar wadannan mahadi.

Ma'adanai: general halaye

A al'ada ji a mineralogy, da kalmar "ma'adinai" tana nufin wani m hada da sinadaran abubuwa da ciwon yawan mutum physico-sinadaran Properties. Bugu da kari, shi kafa shi kamata kawai zama halitta hanya, a ƙarƙashin rinjayar daban-daban na halitta tafiyar matakai.

Ma'adanai a iya kafa a matsayin mai sauki abu (Nuggets) da hadaddun. A hanya na su samuwar su ne ma daban-daban. Akwai matakai da taimakawa ga samuwar:

• igneous.
• hydrothermal.
• sedimentary.
• metamorphogenic.
• biogenic.

Manyan aggregates na ma'adanai, tattara a cikin wani aure tsarin, da ake kira kankara. Saboda haka, to dame waɗannan biyu Concepts kada ta kasance. Mining ma'adanai ake cirewa daga crushing shi da kuma sarrafa dukkan guda na kankara.

A sunadarai abun da ke ciki na mahadi a tambaya na iya zama daban-daban da kuma dauki babban adadin daban-daban gurbata abubuwa. Duk da haka, akwai ko da yaushe abu daya da mamaye abun da ke ciki. Saboda haka, yana shi ne hukunci, da kuma impurities ba su dauke.

A tsarin da ma'adanai

ma'adanai Structure - crystalline. Akwai da dama zaɓuɓɓuka saboda grids cewa shi za a iya wakilta:

• cubic.
• kyakkyawan;
• rhombic.
• tetragonal.
• monoclinic.
• trigonal.
• triclinic.

Wadannan mahadi suna classified bisa ga sinadaran abun da ke ciki na analyte.

Siffofin ma'adanai

Daya zai iya buga wadannan rarrabuwa, wanda ya nuna ainihin tsarin da ma'adinai.

1. Native ko sauki abubuwa. Yana kuma ma'adanai. Misalai sun hada da: zinariya, da baƙin ƙarfe, carbon a cikin nau'i na lu'u-lu'u, da kwal, Anthracite, sulfur, da azurfa, selenium, cobalt, jan, arsenic, bismuth da yawa wasu.
2. Halides, wanda sun hada da chlorides, fluorides, bromides. Wannan ma'adanai, misalai na wanda an san ga kowa da kowa: dutse gishiri (sodium chloride) ko halite, sylvite, fluorite.
3. Oxides da hydroxides. Kafa ta karfe oxides da kuma wadanda ba karafa, Ina nufin fili shi tare da oxygen. A wannan kungiyar akwai ma'adanai, waɗanda sunayensu - chalcedony, corundum (yaƙutu, da saffir), magnetite, ma'adini, hematite, rutile, da kuma sauran kassematit.
4. Nitrates. Misalai: The potassium da sodium nitrate.
5. Borat: Tantancewar calcite, Eremeeva.
6. Carbonates - salts na carbonic acid. Wannan ma'adinai, waɗanda sunayensu suke kamar haka: malachite, aragonite, magnesite, farar ƙasa, alli, marmara da sauransu.
7. Sulfates: gypsum, barite, selenite.
8. Tungstates, molybdates, chromates, vanadates, arsenates, phosphates - duk salts na m acid wanda ya samar da daban-daban Tsarin ma'adanai. Names - nepheline, apatite da sauransu.
9. Silicates. A salts na silicic acid, da ciwon wani rukuni ya kunshi Sio _4. Misalai na irin wannan ma'adanai ne: lu'ulu'u, feldspar, Topaz, garnet, kaolinite, talc, Tourmaline, zhadein, lapis lazuli, da sauransu.

Bugu da kari zuwa sama gano kungiyoyin, kuma ci karo da kwayoyin fili kafa dukan halitta adibas. Alal misali, peat, kwal, urkit, alli oxalate, da baƙin ƙarfe, da sauransu. Kazalika da 'yan carbides, silicides, phosphides, nitrides.

Native abubuwa

Wadannan su ne ma'adanai (photos za a iya gani a kasa), wanda aka kafa ta sauki abubuwa. Ga misali:

• zinariya a cikin nau'i na yashi da kuma Nuggets, ingots.
• lu'u-lu'u da kuma graphite - crystalline allotropic gyara na carbon raga.
• tagulla,
• azurfa.
• baƙin ƙarfe.
• sulfur.
• platinum kungiyar karafa.

Sau da yawa wadannan abubuwa da ake samu a manyan aggregations tare da wasu ma'adanai, guda na kankara da kuma ores. Production da kuma su yi amfani da a masana'antu yana da muhimmanci ga mutane. Su - da-akai, raw kayan domin samar da kayan, daga wanda baya haifar da wata iri-iri na iyali abubuwa, zane, ado, kayan aiki da sauransu.

Phosphates, arsenates, vanadates

Wannan kungiyar hada da kankara da kuma ma'adanai, wanda su ne yafi exogenous asali, da aka samu a cikin matsanancin yadudduka Duniya ta ɓawon burodi. Tu suna kafa kawai phosphates. Salts na phosphorous, arsenic da vanadium acid ne ainihin quite mai yawa. Duk da haka, idan muka yi la'akari da babban hoto, da sauran yawan su a cikin wani karamin haushi abun ciki.

Akwai da dama ya fi na kowa lu'ulu'u cewa suna cikin wannan rukuni:

• apatite.
• vivianite.
• lindackerite.
• Rosen.
• carnotite.
• paskoit.

Kamar yadda muka rigaya muka gani, wadannan ma'adanai samar da kankara quite m size.

Oxides da hydroxides

A wannan rukunin ya hada da dukan ma'adinai oxides, da kuma sauki da hadaddun wanda aka kafa da karafa, wadanda ba karafa, intermetallic mahadi, kuma gwamnatin rikon kwarya abubuwa. A duka kashi daga cikin wadannan abubuwa a cikin ɓawon burodi - 5%. The kawai togiya da dangantaka da silicates, ba da kungiyar karkashin shawara, - wani silicon oxide Sio ₂ tare duk da iri.

Daya zai iya buga misalai masu yawa na irin ma'adanai, amma nuna a fakaice fi na kowa:

1. Dutse.
2. Magnetite.
3. Hematite.
4. Ilmenite.
5. Colombia.
6. Spinel.
7. Lemun tsami.
8. Gibbs.
9. Romaneche.
10. Holfertit.
11. Corundum (yaƙutu, da saffir).
12. Haƙar.

carbonates

Wannan aji na ma'adanai hada a membobinsu a manyan isa iri-iri na wakilan, wanda kuma da muhimmanci m muhimmanci ga mutane. Saboda haka, akwai da wadannan sub-azuzuwan ko kungiyoyin:

• calcite.
• dolomite.
• aragonite.
• malachite.
• soda ma'adanai.
• bastnesite.

Kowane aji hada a membobinsu daga 'yan ga dubun Wakilai. Akwai game da ɗari daban-daban ma'adinai carbonates. Mafi na kowa daga gare su:

• marmara.
• farar ƙasa.
• malachite.
• apatite.
• siderite.
• smithsonite.
• magnesite.
• carbonate da sauransu.

Wasu suna mai daraja a matsayin sosai na kowa da muhimmanci gini abu, yayin da wasu suna amfani da su yi kayan ado, da kuma wasu suna amfani a cikin art. Duk da haka, duka suna da muhimmanci, kuma su samar tana kasancewa ne sosai aiki.

silicates

A mafi bambancin a waje siffofin da yawan wakilan da wani rukuni na ma'adanai. Irin wannan bambancin ne saboda gaskiyar cewa silicon atoms muhimmi da sinadaran tsarin, suna iya haɗa da daban-daban na Tsarin, bunkasa a kusa da kansa da dama oxygen kwayoyin halitta. Saboda haka, zai iya samar da wadannan iri Tsarin:

• tsibirin;
• sarkar.
• tef.
• takardar.

Wadannan ma'adanai, a photo na wanda za a iya gani a cikin labarin, an san kowa da kowa. A kalla wasu daga cikinsu. Bayan duk, kamar wadannan sun hada da:

• tofaz.
• gurnetin.
• chrysoprase.
• rock crystal.
• opal.
• chalcedony da sauransu.

Suna amfani da kayan ado, mai daraja a matsayin wani karfi da zane don amfani a cikin art.

Daya kuma iya buga misali da ma'adanai, waɗanda sunayensu ba su da kyau a san to talakawa mutane, ba alaka mineralogy, amma duk da haka suna da muhimmanci sosai a cikin masana'antu:

1. Datong.
2. Olivine.
3. Murman.
4. Hrizokol.
5. Eudialite.
6. Lu'ulu'u.