Mai Bronze Horseman: wani Bayani na Tarihi ga Bitrus Maɗaukaki

Birnin Neva shine ainihin gidan kayan gargajiya. Tarihin gine-gine, tarihi da kuma kayan fasaha suna mayar da hankali ne a tsakiyar sashi kuma sune mafi kyawun abun kirki. Wani wuri na musamman a cikinsu shi ne abin tunawa da aka tsarkake wa Bitrus Mai Girma, Mai Girma. Ma'anar alamar duniyar za ta iya ba da wani jagora, a cikin wannan labarin duk abin da ke ban sha'awa: daga halittar zane zuwa tsarin shigarwa. Yawancin labarai da labaru masu yawa suna hade da shi. Na farko yana nufin asalin sunan sukar. An ba da shi daga baya fiye da kafawar abin tunawa, amma bai canza ba har tsawon shekaru biyu na wanzuwarsa.

Title

... A saman dutsen da aka rufe

Wani tsafi tare da hannun hannu

Na zauna a kan doki na tagulla ...

Wadannan Lines ne saba wa kowane Rasha mutum, su marubuci, A. S. Pushkin, ta kwatanta aikin a cikin wannan abin tunawa ga Bitrus 1, kira shi da Bronze hau doki. Babban mawallafin Rasha, wanda aka haife shi shekaru 17 bayan shigarwa da abin tunawa, bai yi tsammani waƙarsa ya ba da sabon suna ga sassaka ba. A aikinsa, ya bada wadannan bayanin irin abin tunawa The Bronze doki (ko kuma wajen Bitrus 1, wanda image aka nuna a gare shi):

... Abin da tunani a kan goshinsa!

Abin da iko yake boye a ciki! ..

... Mai iko mai nasara!

Bitrus ba mutum mai sauƙi ba ne, ba mai girma ba, amma kusan dangi. Wadannan litattafai sun nuna mana abin tunawa da Pushkin, da sikelinta da halayensa. Wanda mahayin ba tagulla ba ne, ana yin suturar kanta da tagulla, kuma a matsayin wani sashi mai amfani da ma'auni na ma'auni. Amma kamannin Bitrus, wanda Pushkin yayi a cikin waƙar, ya kasance daidai da makamashi na dukan abun da ke ciki, wanda bai kamata ya kula da irin waɗannan abubuwa ba. Har yau, da bayanin irin abin tunawa The Bronze doki a St. Petersburg ake inextricably nasaba da aikin da mai girma Rasha litattafansu.

Tarihi

Catherine II, yana so ya jaddada goyon baya ga ayyukan gyarawa na Bitrus, ya yanke shawarar kafa masa abin tunawa a birnin, wanda ya kafa shi. Farfesa ta farko ta Francesco Rastrelli ya halicci shi, amma ba a yarda da wannan dutsen ba a matsayin gwarzo kuma an ajiye shi har tsawon lokaci a cikin sito na Petersburg. Mawallafin Etienne Maurice Falcone ya ba da shawarar cewa ta yi aiki a kan abin tunawa na shekaru 12. Gwawar da yayi tare da Katarina ya ƙare a cikin gaskiyar cewa ya bar Rasha, kuma bai ga halittarsa ba a cikin cikakkiyar tsari. Bayan nazarin halin mutumin Bitrus bisa ga tushen da ya kasance a wannan lokacin, ya halicci kuma ya kunshi kamanninsa ba a matsayin babban kwamandan da tsar ba, amma a matsayin mai halitta na Rasha, wanda ya buɗe ta zuwa teku wanda ya kawo kusa da Turai. Falconet ya fuskanci gaskiyar cewa Catarina da duk manyan jami'ai sun riga sun samo hotunan abin tunawa, zai iya ƙirƙirar siffofin da ake tsammani. Idan wannan ya faru, to, bayanin alamar abin tunawa ga mai tsaron kaya a Petersburg zai zama daban. Zai yiwu, to, yana da wani suna. Ayyukan Falcone sun ci gaba da hankali, wannan aikin ya taimakawa ta hanyar yin aiki da ma'aikatan hukuma, rashin jin daɗin Mai Girma da kuma rikitarwa na hoton.

Shigarwa

Ko da mashawarta masu ganewa na sana'a ba suyi kokarin yin watsi da Bitrus da kansa ba, saboda haka Emelian Khaylov, wanda ya jefa bindigogi, ya janyo hankalin Falcone. Girman abin tunawa ba shine matsala mafi mahimmanci ba, yana da mahimmanci a lura da ma'auni. Bayan samun maki uku kawai, sassaukar dole ne ya zama barga. Sanarwar farko ita ce gabatar da maciji a cikin abin tunawa, wanda shine alama ce ta mummunar nasara. A lokaci guda kuma, ya ba da ƙarin goyon baya ga rukuni na kamfanoni. Zamu iya cewa an kirkiro abin tunawa a cikin mawallafin marubuci tare da ɗanta Marie-Anna Collot (shugaban Bitrus, fuska) da kuma Fedor Gordeev (maciji) na Rasha.

Ƙarƙashin dutse

Babu bayanin bayanin abin tunawa da makaman Bronze Horse wanda bai kammala ba tare da ambaci ginshiƙansa (tushe) ba. An raba wani babban ma'auni tare da walƙiya, wanda shine dalilin da ya sa yawancin mutanen sun ba ta suna Thunder-dutse, wanda aka kare shi daga bisani. Bisa ga shirin Falconet, dole ne hotunan ya tsaya a ƙasa, yana bin kogin ruwan sama. An ba da dutse zuwa ga Majalisar Dattijai ta hanyar kasa da ruwa, yayin da ba a dakatar da aikin a kan ginin granite ba. Dukan Rasha da Turai sun bi hanyar sufuri, saboda girmamawa, Katarina ta umarci tsabar kudin da za a buga. A watan Satumba na shekara ta 1770, an gina ginin gine-ginen a kan Majalisar Dattijai. Sakamakon wannan abin tunawa ya kasance mai rikici. Mahalarta na dage kan shigar da wani abin tunawa a tsakiyar filin wasa, amma Falcone ya sa shi kusa da Neva, kuma ganin Bitrus ya juya zuwa kogi. Kodayake a wannan lokaci har yau, akwai rigingimu masu yawa: a ina ne Bronze Horseman ya dubi? Ma'anar alamar abin tunawa da masu bincike daban-daban ya ƙunshi amsoshi masu kyau. Wasu sun gaskata cewa sarki ya dubi Sweden, wanda ya yi yaƙi. Wasu sun ce idanunsa ya juya zuwa teku, hanyar da take bukata ga kasar. Har ila yau, akwai ra'ayi, bisa ka'idar cewa mai kula yana lura da birnin da ya kafa.

Bronze Horseman, abin tunawa

Ana iya samun bayanin taƙaitacciyar alamar ta a kowace jagora zuwa wuraren tarihi da al'adu na St. Petersburg. Bitrus 1 yana zaune a kan doki mai doki, yana mika hannu a kan Neva na yanzu. Kansa aka yi wa ado da wani Laurel wreath da kuma doki kafafu tattake maciji, personifying mugunta (a cikin za'a fadada ma'anarta). A kan ginshiƙan granit, bisa ga umarnin Catherine II, rubutun "Catherine II ga Bitrus I" da ranar - 1782 aka yi. Wadannan kalmomi a gefe ɗaya na abin tunawa an rubuta a cikin Latin, a daya - a cikin Rashanci. Nauyin abin tunawa da kanta shine kimanin 8-9 tons, tsawo ya fi mita 5 ba tare da la'akari da tushe ba. Wannan abin tunawa ya zama katin ziyartar birnin a kan Neva. Kowane mutumin da ya zo ya gani, dole ne ya ziyarci Majalisar Dattijai, kuma kowannensu yana da ra'ayi nasa, kuma, bisa ga yadda ya kamata, bayanin irin wannan abin tunawa ga Bronze Horseman Peter 1.

Symbolism

Ikon da girma na abin tunawa ba ya bar mutane da basu damu ba don ƙarni biyu. Ya sanya irin wannan ra'ayi a kan mai girma classic Pushkin Alexander cewa marubucin ya halicci daya daga cikin mafi muhimmanci halittun - da Bronze Horseman. Bayyana alamar abin tunawa a cikin waƙa kamar jarrabawa mai jarrabawa ya maida hankali ga mai karatu tare da haskakawa da mutunci na hoton. Wannan aikin ya hada da wasu alamomi na Rasha, da kuma alamar kanta. "Mai Gwanin Ƙaƙwalwar Ƙaƙƙwalwa, Magana game da abin tunawa" - rubutun game da wannan batu ya rubuta ɗaliban makarantar sakandare a dukan faɗin ƙasar. A wannan yanayin, nauyin waka na Pushkin, hangen nesa na hoton, ya bayyana a cikin kowane buƙatu. Tun lokacin da aka buɗe wannan abin tunawa har zuwa yau a cikin al'umma akwai ra'ayoyi mara kyau game da abun da ke ciki. Yawancin marubutan Rasha sun yi amfani da hoton da Falcone yayi a cikin aikinsa. Kowane mutum ya sami alama a gare shi, wanda ya fassara daidai da ra'ayoyinsa, amma gaskiyar cewa Bitrus na keɓaɓɓen aikin Rasha gaba, babu shakka. Wannan ya tabbatar da wannan makamin. Ma'anar alamar ta zama ta hanyar da dama ta nuna ra'ayoyin mutum game da makomar ƙasar.

Alamar

A kan dutsen, kafin an buɗe abyss, wani doki mai sauri ya ruga a cikin sauri. Mai hawan ya janye hankalin, yana dauke da dabba a kan kafafunsa, yayin da dukkanin mutum ya bayyana ta hanyar amincewa da kwanciyar hankali. A cewar Falconet, wannan shine Peter I - jarumi, jarumi, amma kuma mai fassara. Tare da hannunsa yana nuna nesa da za ta kasance. Gwagwarmaya tare da rundunonin yanayi, ba mutane masu hankali ba, son zuciya ga shi shine ma'anar rayuwa. Lokacin da aka kafa hoton, Catherine ya so ya ga Bitrus a matsayin babban sarki, wato, siffofin Romawa na iya kasancewa misali. Sarki ya zauna a kan wani doki, rike da wata sandan da kuma sarari suKe, tare da line na zamanin d gwarzo da aka a haɗe, ta hanyar tufafi. Falcone ya kasance mai banbanci, ya ce, sarauta na Rasha ba zai iya yin tufafi ba, kamar Jupus Caesar caftan. Bitrus ya bayyana a cikin wata dogon Rasha, wadda take rufewa da iska - wannan shine abin da Bronze Horseman yayi kama da. Babu bayanin alamar abin tunawa ba tare da wasu alamomin da Falcone ya gabatar cikin babban abun da ke ciki ba. Alal misali, Bitrus bai zauna a cikin sirri ba, a cikin wannan damar shine fata na beyar. An fassara ma'anarta a matsayin na ga al'umma, ga mutanen da Tsar ke jagoranci. Maciji a karkashin takalman doki yana nuna rashin gaskiya, ƙiyayya, jahilci, Bitrus ya ci.

Shugaban

Ayyukan fuskar sarki sune mahimmanci, amma kamarar hoto bai rasa ba. Ayyukan da aka yi a kan shugaban Bitrus na da dogon lokaci, sakamakonsa bai cika kullun ba. Mutuwa mask na Bitrus, da dauka da Rastrelli, Falcone taimaki dalibi cika fuskar sarki da. Kwanan II ta yi farin ciki sosai a aikinta, Marie-Anne Collot an nada shi gidan haya. Dukkan yanayin, sauko da kai, fushin fushin, wuta ta ciki, wanda aka bayyana a kallo, ya nuna hali na Bitrus I.

Yanayi

Ƙarin hankali Falcone ya biya zuwa tushe wanda ake kira Bronze Horseman. Bayani na abin tunawa, rubutun game da wannan batu ya janyo hankalin mutane da yawa. Dutsen, gwargwadon granite ya ƙunshi matsalolin da Bitrus ya fuskanta a hanyarsa. Da zarar ya isa saman, da ya karimcin zama muhimmanci biyayya, karkashi da nufinsa ga dukan yanayi. Wani shinge na dutse, wanda aka yi a cikin rawanin ruwa, yana nuna cin nasarar teku. Tabbatar da alama shi ne wuri na dukan abin tunawa. Peter I, wanda ya kafa birnin St. Petersburg, duk da matsaloli, ya haifar da tashar jiragen ruwa don ikonsa. Wannan shine dalilin da ya sa adadi ya kusa kusa da kogin kuma an tura ta fuskarta. Bitrus I (mai ɗaukar makamai) yana da alama ya ci gaba da kallo zuwa nesa, yayi la'akari da barazana ga jiharsa da kuma shirya sabon nasarori. Domin samar da ra'ayi naka game da wannan alamar birnin a kan Neva da kuma a ko'ina cikin Rasha, wajibi ne a ziyarci shi, don jin ƙarfin wutar lantarki na wurin, halin da mai wallafa ya nuna. Bayani na masu yawon shakatawa masu yawa, ciki har da kasashen waje, suyi tafasa zuwa tunani ɗaya: don 'yan mintoci kaɗan, kyautar magana ta ɓace. Yana da kyau a cikin wannan yanayin, ba wai kawai mahimmancin abin tunawa ba, har ma da fahimtar muhimmancin tarihin Rasha.