Makami mai linzami sojojin. Tarihi na makami mai linzami sojojin. Rasha makami mai linzami sojojin

Kamar yadda roka makamai da aka sani zuwa ga al'ummai, da kuma kafa a wasu kasashe. An yi imani da cewa sun zo ma kafin ganga bindigogi. Saboda haka, da fice a Rasha janar da kuma wani masanin kimiyyar K. I. Konstantinov rubuta cewa tare da sabuwar dabara na manyan bindigogi zo a cikin yin amfani da makamai masu linzami. Suna amfani da ko'ina inda gunpowder aka yi amfani. Kuma da zarar sun fara yin amfani da for soja dalilai, sa'an nan, domin wannan kuma Ya halitta, musamman makami mai linzami sojojin. Wannan labarin ya mayar da hankali a kan fitowan da kuma ci gaban da ya ce irin makami, daga wasan wuta to sarari tafiya.

Ta yaya shi duka ya fara

Bisa ga hukuma tarihi, gunpowder da aka kirkiro a kasar Sin a game da 11th karni AD. Duk da haka butulci da Sin ba fito da wani abu mafi alhẽri daga yin amfani da shi ga ciko wasan wuta. Kuma a yanzu, bayan 'yan ƙarni "haskaka" Turawa sun halitta a mafi iko gunpowder girke-girke da kuma nan da nan sami wani amfani a gare shi chic: .. bindigogi, bama-bamai, da dai sauransu To, bar shi da masana tarihi da sanarwa na sanin yakamata. Kai da ni a zamanin d China, me ya sa ka ce wani abu da ka kamata ba. Kuma abin da suka aikata rubuta kafofin na farko da yin amfani da makamai masu linzami a cikin sojoji?

The Yarjejeniya na Rasha sojojin (1607-1621) a matsayin shirin gaskiya shaida

Gaskiyar cewa a Rasha da kuma a Turai, da soja da bayanai game da samar, na'urar, ajiya da kuma aikace-aikace na sigina, incendiary roka da wasan wuta, ya gaya mana "Yarjejeniya Martial, igwa da kuma sauran lokuta game da soja kimiyya." Yana da aka hada da 663 articles da dokoki zaba daga kasashen waje soja wallafe-wallafe. Wannan shi ne, wannan daftarin aiki ya tabbatar da wanzuwar makamai masu linzami a rundunar kasashen Turai da kuma Rasha, amma babu inda akwai ambaci na yin amfani da su kai tsaye a kowane fadace-fadace. Duk da haka, za a iya kammala da cewa su aka yi amfani, da zarar sun samu a hannun soja.

A wannan ƙayayuwa hanya ...

Duk da rashin fahimta da kuma tsoron wani abu sabon jami'an sojan, Rasha makami mai linzami sojojin har yanzu zama daya daga cikin manyan rassan sabis. Modern sojojin wuya su yi tunanin ba tare da wani roka. Duk da haka, hanyar da suka ci gaba ya kasance da wuya sosai.

Hukumance, da Rasha, sojoji dauki farko alama (lighting) makamai masu linzami a 1717. Bayan kusan shekara ɗari, a 1814-1817 gg., Soja masanin kimiyya AI Kartmazov nemi fitarwa daga jami'an magance high fashewar da incendiary roka (2, 2.5 da kuma 3.6 inch) na nasu shawara. Suna da wani jirgin kewayon 1.5-3 km. Dauki su kuma ba a karɓa.

A 1815-1817 gg. Rasha manyan bindigogi AD Zasyadko ma ƙirƙira kama da harsasai, kuma sũ, a ma, kada ku miss da soja da jami'an. A gaba yunkurin da aka yi a 1823-1825 gg. Bayan da yawa tiyata ma'aikatar War, da ra'ayin da ya karshe an amince, da kuma Rasha sojojin zo na farko soja roka (2, 2.5, 3 da 4-inch). Flight nesa ya 1-2,7 km.

Wannan gagarumin karni na 19th

A 1826 ta fara taro samar na ce makamai. Don yin wannan, a St. Petersburg halitta na farko roka ma'aikata. A watan Afrilu na shekara kafa na farko roka kamfanin (a 1831 an sake masa suna cikin baturi). Wannan fama naúrar yi nufi ga hadin gwiwa mataki da sojojin doki da dakaru. Amma tare da wannan taron da kuma hukuma tarihi na makami mai linzami sojojin na kasar mu.

baftismar wuta

Domin da farko lokacin da Rasha makami mai linzami sojojin da aka yi amfani da a watan Agusta 1827, a cikin Caucasus a lokacin da Rasha-Iran yaki (1826-1828.). A shekara daga baya, a lokacin yakin da Turkey, suka Rate umurnin a kewaye na Varna da aka yi. Saboda haka, a yaƙin neman zaɓe na 1828 a 1191 da makami mai linzami da aka kora, daga abin da 380 da kuma 811 high-m incendiary. Tun daga nan, da makami mai linzami sojojin na taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin wani soja fadace-fadace.

Soja m K. A. Shilder

Wannan talented mutumin a 1834 samar da zane da cewa kawo da makamai masu linzami a cikin wani sabon mataki na ci gaba. Ya na'urar yi nufi ga karkashin kasa da makami mai linzami jefa, an karkata jagora tube irin. Duk da haka, ci gaban bai tsaya Schilder. Ya ɓullo da makamai masu linzami da tare da inganta m sakamako. Bugu da kari, ya kasance na farko a duniya elektrozapaly amfani da su ƙone da m man fetur. Har ila yau, a 1834, shekarar da Schilder tsara da kuma ko gwada makami mai linzami na farko-dauke da tururi da kuma submarine a duniya. Ya kafa a kan jirage zuwa makami mai linzami jefa shigarwa tare da surface da kuma karkashin ruwa halin da ake ciki. Kamar yadda ka gani, na farko da rabin karni na 19th ne halin da ci gaba da kuma tartsatsi amfani da irin wannan makami.

Laftanar Janar K. I. Konstantinov

A 1840-1860 gg. wani babban taimako ga ci gaban makami mai linzami da makamai, kazalika da ka'idar ta fama amfani sanya wakilin Rasha manyan bindigogi makaranta, kirkiro da kuma masanin kimiyya K. I. Konstantinov. Ya kimiyya aikin, ya kawo canji, a roka, don haka da cewa Rasha kayan ya dauka a manyan wuri a duniya. Ya ɓullo da kayan yau da kullum na gwaji kuzarin kawo cikas, da hanyoyin kimiyya na zayyana irin wannan makamai. A yawan na'urorin da kuma kida domin kayyade ballistic yi. The masanin kimiyya sanya a matsayin bidi'a a cikin filin na Manufacturing roka, to salla-anfaninta. Ya sanya wata babbar bambanci a cikin wadata a cikin aminci daga fasaha aiwatar da masana'antu na makamai.

Konstantinov ɓullo da wani karin iko roka launchers da inji su. A sakamakon haka, da iyakar kewayo na 5.3 km. An fara inji sun zama mafi šaukuwa, m kuma cikakke, sun samar da babban daidaito da kuma kudi na wuta, musamman a mountainous ƙasa. A 1856, wani makami mai linzami shuka da aka tsara da Konstantinov a Nikolaev.

A Moor ya yi aikinsa

A cikin karni na 19th, da makami mai linzami da sojojin da manyan bindigogi sanya wani gagarumin tsalle gaba a ci gaba da kuma rarraba. Alal misali, soja da makamai masu linzami da aka sa a cikin sabis a duk soja gundumomi. Babu wata guda jirgin da kuma tushe na sojan ruwa, inda akwai amfani ga mai linzami da sojojin. Su aka kai tsaye da hannu a cikin filin fadace-fadace, da kuma a kewaye da kuma storming na sansanin soja, da sauransu. D. Duk da haka, a karshen karni na 19th da makamai masu linzami da yawa a baya zuwa m igwa manyan bindigogi, musamman bayan bayyanar dogon zangon rifled bindigogi. Kuma a sa'an nan ya zo 1890. Ya ãƙibar ga makami mai linzami sojojin: irin wannan makami da aka janye daga kasuwar duniya.

Jet propulsion: kamar Phoenix ...

Duk da kiyawar da sojojin makami mai linzami sojojin, masana kimiyya ci gaba da aiki a kan irin wannan makami. Saboda haka, MM Pomortsev samarwa sabon mafita game da karuwa da jirgin nesa da kuma daidaito. I. V. Volovsky ɓullo da roka juyawa irin Multi-barreled jirgin sama da kuma kasa-tushen launchers. NV Gerasimov tsara fama antiaircraft m takwarorinsu.

Babban cikas ga ci gaban da wannan dabara ne rashin wani msar tambayar tsarin. Don warware wannan matsala, wani rukuni na Rasha masana kimiyya a cikin marigayi 19th da kuma farkon karni na 20th gudanar da wani Titanic aiki da kuma sanya wani gagarumin taimako ga ka'idar jet propulsion. Duk da haka, ya kafa na hadade ka'idar roka kuzarin kawo cikas da kuma sarari ya zama K. E. Tsiolkovsky. Wannan mashawarta masanin kimiyya tun 1883, kuma har karshe kwanakin ransa aiki a wani bayani da matsaloli a cikin roka da kuma sarari jirgin. Suka warware manyan batutuwan da suka shafi ka'idar jet propulsion.

A sadaukarwa aiki na da yawa Rasha masana kimiyya ya ba da sabon impetus ga ci gaban wadannan makamai, saboda haka, wani sabon rai to wannan tsohon sojojin. Ko a yau a kasarmu sarari sojojin hade da sunayen shahararren Figures - Tsiolkovsky kuma Sarauniya.

Soviet Rasha

Bayan juyin juya hali, da aikin tsaya a kan makamai masu linzami da ba, kamar yadda a cikin shekara ta 1933, Jet Research Institute aka ma kafa a Moscow. An tsara ta Soviet masana kimiyya ballistic da cruise da makamai masu linzami da kuma gwaji raketoplanery. Bugu da kari, da raya muhimmanci m da makamai masu linzami da kuma launchers zuwa gare su. Wannan ya hada da wanda daga baya ya zama almara fama abin hawa BM-13 "Katyusha". A RNII shi sanya da dama binciken. A hadaddun ayyukan raka'a, na'urorin, da kuma tsarin da samu baya amfani a cikin roka aikin injiniya.

Great Patriotic War

"Katyusha" ya zama a duniya ta farko mahara jefa roka tsarin. Kuma mafi muhimmanci, da halittar wannan inji da gudummawar da zaman majalisar na musamman makami mai linzami sojojin. By da farkon yakin duniya na II fama abin hawa BM-13 da aka sa a cikin sabis. Wuya halin da ake ciki da cewa rinjãya a 1941, sun bukaci wani speedy shigarwa na wani sabon makami mai linzami. Masana'antu sake fasalin kudin da aka za'ayi a cikin guntu yiwu lokaci. Kuma a watan Agusta, a samar da irin wannan makamai sun shiga a cikin 214 masana'antu. Kamar yadda muka ce a sama, a cikin dakarun da aka sake tsara da makami mai linzami sojojin, amma a lokacin yaki suka kira Guards turmi raka'a, da kuma, baya, da ba rana - amsawa manyan bindigogi.

Fada abin hawa BM-13 "Katyusha"

Da farko GMCH kasu kashi bangarori da kuma rarrabuwa. Saboda haka, na farko makami mai linzami baturi, wanda kunshi 7 matukin jirgi shuke-shuke da kuma adadi kaɗan na harsasai, a karkashin umurnin Captain Flerov aka kafa a cikin kwanaki uku da kuma 2 Yuli mayar da hankali a kan yammacin Front. Kuma riga Yuli 14 "Katyusha" kora farko Salvo a Battle of Orsha tashar jirgin (fama abin hawa BM-13 da aka nuna a cikin photo).

Makami mai linzami da sojojin a wasansa na farko buga wani m buga a lokaci guda da harbe-harben 112 bawo. A sakamakon haka, a kan tashar tsananin ƙũna, haske: harsasai fashe, da kona jiragen kasa. Firestorm halakar da kuma maƙiyi manpower da kayan aikin soji. The fama tasiri na makamai masu linzami da wuce duk tsammanin. A lokacin da shekaru na yakin duniya na biyu, akwai wani gagarumin tsalle a gaban jet fasaha, wanda ya kai ga wani gagarumin yaduwar GMCH. By karshen yaki makami mai linzami sojojin kunshi 40 mutum rarrabu, 115 regiments, 40 raba brigades da kuma 7 Ƙungiyarku - a duk 519 rarrabuwa.

Idan kana son zaman lafiya - shirya domin yaki

Bayan da yaki, roka manyan bindigogi na ci gaba da girma - ƙara range, daidaito daga wuta, kuma ikon Salvo. dukan zamananku an halicce ta Soviet soja hadaddun 40-ganga 122-mm MLRS "Grad" da "Prima", 16-barreled 220-mm MLRS "Hurricane" don tabbatar da shan kashi na hari a nesa na 35 km. A shekarar 1987 shi da aka ɓullo 12-ganga 300-mm dogon zangon MLRS "Smerch", wanda a wannan ranar ba shi da analogues a duniya. Range na kashi manufar wannan kafuwa ne 70 km away. Bugu da kari, da Army samu dabara, dabara da kuma anti-tank tsarin.

New makamai

A cikin 50s na karshe karni akwai wani rabo na makami mai linzami da sojojin a daban-daban kwatance. Amma roka manyan bindigogi kiyaye da wuri, kuma a yau. sabon nau'in aka halicce - wannan anti-makami mai linzami da sojojin da kuma dabarun tsaro. Wadannan raka'a aka daidaita a kan ƙasar, a cikin tẽku, a karkashin ruwa da kuma a cikin iska. Saboda haka, anti-jirgin sama da makami mai linzami da sojojin a matsayin mai raba irin dakarun wakilci a cikin tsaro, amma irin raka'a zama a cikin Navy. Tare da halittar makaman nukiliya tashi da babban tambaya: yadda za a isar da cajin zuwa ga makõma? A Tarayyar Soviet, da zabi aka sanya a cikin ni'imar da makami mai linzami, a sakamakon akwai da Strategic roka Forces.

Akayi na ci gaba da tsare harsashi Forces

1. 1959-1965 ,. - halitta, tayin, staging a kan jijjiga intercontinental ballistic makamai masu linzami, da iya warware matsalar da dabarun halitta a cikin wani iri-iri na soja da kuma na labarin kasa na yankunan. A 1962, da Strategic harsashi Forces dauki bangare a cikin "Anadyr" soja aiki, sakamakon Cuba aka asirce sanya matsakaici-range makamai masu linzami.
2. 1965-1973 gg. - da girke ICBMs biyu ƙarni. The canji na Strategic harsashi Forces a cikin babban bangare ne na karfin nukiliya na Tarayyar Soviet.
3. 1973-1985 gg. - kayan aiki RVSN tsara ta uku da makamai masu linzami da gaßoßi warhead tare da tubalan da mutum shiriya.
4. A 1985-1991. - da kawar da matsakaiciyar-fuska da makamai masu linzami da kuma makaman RVNS tsara ta huɗu tsarin.
5. A 1992-1995. - cikar ICBMs daga Ukraine, Belarus da kuma Kazakhstan. Kafa Rasha Strategic harsashi Forces.
6. Na 1996-2000. - gabatarwar da biyar-tsara makami mai linzami "Topol-M". Hada da Soja Space Forces, Strategic harsashi Forces da kuma harsashi da Space Tsaro.
7. 2001 - RVSN tuba zuwa 2 na Armed Forces - da Strategic harsashi Forces da Space Forces.

ƙarshe

A tsari na ci gaba da kuma kafa harsashi sojojin m iri-irin. Yana yana da nasa rubucen da kuma hambarar da, har ma da cikakken kawar da "makami mai linzami" a cikin sojojin na duniya a cikin marigayi 19th karni. Duk da haka, roka, kamar Phoenix tashi daga tokar yakin duniya na biyu da kuma aka sandararru a cikin soja hadaddun.

Kuma duk da cewa a cikin past shekaru 70, da makami mai linzami da sojojin halartar gagarumin canje-canje a tsarin siga, siffofin, hanyoyin da su fama amfani, su ko da yaushe riƙe da rawar da za a iya bayyana a kawai 'yan kalmomi: ya zama wani maganta ta'adi da mu kasar. A Rasha, Nuwamba 19 da aka dauke su a sana'a ranar makami mai linzami da sojojin da manyan bindigogi. Wannan rana da aka amince da Shugaban umurnin lambar 549 na 31.05.2006 shekara. Dama a cikin hoto na nuna alama daga cikin Rasha makami mai linzami sojojin.