Meister Eckhart: biography, littattafai, wa'azin da kuma ruhaniya tattaunawa

Meister Eckhart (1260 - 1327) - Jamus abõkin, theologian da kuma Falsafa suka koyar da m addini falsafa: ga Allah a cikin kome. Esoteric kwarewa da kuma m ruhaniya falsafa sanya shi rare, amma kuma ya kai ga zargin karkatacciyar koyarwa da Inquisition gida. Duk da cewa rubuce-rubucen da aka yi Allah wadai da karkata, da suka zama wani muhimmin tushe na sufi kwarewa a cikin Hadisin Kirista, da wakilan da suke Silesius, Nicholas na Cusa, Boehme Yakubu, Meister Eckhart, Kierkegaard, Francis na Assisi ya taba, da sauransu.

manhaja vitae

Eckhart von Hochheim aka haife shi a Tambahe kusa Gotha a Thuringia a tsakiyar Jamus a yau. Tana da wani tasiri ɓangare na lardin addini ƙungiyoyi a na da Turai. Sauran sanannun addini Figures, waɗanda aka haifa a can, an Mechthild na Magdeburg, Tomas Myuntser da kuma Martin Lyuter.

Shi ya kasance ba yawa m data a kan farkon rayuwa na Eckhart, amma, a fili, yana da shekaru 15, ya bar gida ya shiga cikin Dominican Order a nan kusa Erfurt. Order da aka kafa a kudancin Faransa a 1215 St. Dominique son wa'azi, wanda mambobin da aka horar da su zama wani malami da kuma mai magana. A 1280 Eckhart aka aika zuwa Cologne zuwa sami asali mafi girma ilimi, ciki har da shekaru 5 na karatu falsafa da kuma tauhidin shekaru 3. Tsakanin azuzuwan shi ne 3 hours a rana karanta da zuhudu rayuwa, da salla, Orationes Secretae kuma ya yi shiru na dogon lokaci. A Cologne Urquhart gana da abõkin-fatawowi da Albert girma, Doctor of Science and wani malami Fomy Akvinskogo - cikin shahararrun theologian na coci. By 1293 Eckhart karshe an wajabta a matsayin m.

Karatu a Paris

A 1294 ya aka aika zuwa karatu "sentences" Petra Lombardskogo a Paris. University of Paris ita ce cibiyar na da ilimi, inda ya ya iya samun dama ga dukkanin muhimmanci aiki da kuma, a fili, karanta mafi yawansu. A Paris, ya zama wani malami a Dominican Convent na Saint-Jacques, kuma daga baya ya nada mazaunin na sufi a Erfurt ba da nisa daga wurin haifuwa. Da suna a matsayin mai ilimin tauhidi da kuma Kafin dole ne ya kasance mai kyau, saboda ya aka sanya wa shiryar da yankin Saxony, a cikin abin da akwai 48 gidajen lama. Eckhart aka dauke mai kyau da kuma ingantaccen gudanarwa, amma da babban so ya jama'a, wa'azi da wa'azi.

A May 1311 Eckhart aka gayyace su yi koyarwa a Paris. Yana yake duk da haka wani tabbaci na ta bata masa suna. Baƙi suna da wuya ba da daman da za a gayyace sau biyu domin ya koyar a Paris. Wannan post ba shi da lakabi na Meister (daga Latin Magister - "master", "malamin"). A Paris, Eckhart sau da yawa da hannu a zafi muhawara da addini Franciscans.

Babban bangare na aikinsu da aka horar da 'yan Dominican Order, da kuma m jama'a. Ya sami wani suna a matsayin karfi malami a ta da tunani da almajiransa. Meister Eckhart hadisin qagaggun da m cika kashi wanda ake ambata ba, ko underestimated a gargajiya Littafi Mai Tsarki da kuma coci koyarwarsa. Ya kuma yana da ikon ya rage wuya hadaddun Concepts da kuma bayyana su a fili harshen cewa talakawa mutane son. Wannan ya karu sirri shahararsa da kuma wa'azin sun Popular.

A 1322 Eckhart, mafi sanannen mai wa'azi na lokacin, an koma Cologne, inda ya ba da shahararrun magana.

Allahntakar mutum

Eckhart ta falsafa nanata Allahntakar mutum. Ya sau da yawa ake magana a kai cikin ruhaniya alaka tsakanin rai da Allah. Daya daga cikin shahararrun maganganun karanta: "The ido tare da abin da na gani Allah ne guda ido tare da wanda Allah ya ga ni. Idanuna da gaban Allah - wanda ido da kuma daya ido, da kuma daya ilmi ba, kuma daya soyayya. "

Wannan shi ne reminiscent na da kalmomin Yesu da cewa ya kuma mahaifinsa - daya. Eckhart ta sanarwa ma ya nuna yadda ya falsafa ne cikin jituwa tare da Gabashi Sufi, jaddada kusancin Allah.

capacious hankali

Meister Eckhart ya mai sadaukar da sufi, saboda ya sanar da muhimmancin calming da hankali domin ya zama receptive zuwa gaban Allah. "Don kwantad da hankali da tunani duk abu mai yiwuwa ne. Mene ne a kwantar da hankula a zuciya? Kwantar da hankali da kõme ba su damu ga wani abu da kuma ba za ta hanyar, free daga shaidu na son-kai da kuma gaba ɗaya shigar da nufin Allah, kuma ya mutu domin kansa. "

detachment

Eckhart kuma sanar da muhimmancin detachment. Kamar sauran esoteric da koyarwarsa, da falsafa Meister zaci cewa neman raba hankali daga rãyuwar karkacewar, kamar a so, misali.

Kafa dake raba detachment kaiwa wani mutum a sifar Allah. "Domin a cika da abubuwan da bukatar zama fanko ga Allah. ya zama fanko ga abubuwa da cewa bukatar da za a cika ta da Allah. "

Allah ya omnipresence

Meister Eckhart yi imani da cewa Allah shi ne ba a duk halittu masu rai, ko da yake ya bambanta tsakanin Mawadãci Allah, cewa aka bayan duk siffofin da kuma bayyananen na Allah a duniya. "Dole mu sami wannan Allah a cikin kome, kuma ko da yaushe sami wannan Allah a cikin kome."

Ko da yake Eckhart wani sufi, ya taka leda a cikin sadaukarwa sabis a duniya don taimakawa wajen shawo kan m yanayi na mutum.

Zargin na karkatacciyar koyarwa

Tare da tasowar da shahararsa, wasu manyan jami'an kasar na coci fara gani a koyarwarsa karkatacciyar koyarwa abubuwa. A musamman, da Akbishop na Cologne, ya damu da cewa rare wa'azin Eckhart sauki da kuma m mutane suna yaudarar, "wanda zai iya sauƙi gubar zuwa ga kuskure sauraronsa."

A 1325, wani wakilin Paparoma Nicholas Strasbourg, a request daga Paparoma John XXII bari aikin wa'azi da kuma sanar da su da aminci. Amma a 1326 Meister Eckhart aka hukumance da ake zargi da karkatacciyar koyarwa, da kuma a 1327 da Akbishop na Cologne ya umarci inquisitorial tsari. A watan Fabrairu 1327 da farko wa'azi sanya wani m tsaro na imaninsu. Ya musanta cewa ya aka yi da wani abu ba daidai ba, da kuma a bainar jama'a tabbatar da rashin laifi. Kamar yadda Meister Eckhart da'awar ruhaniya wa'azin da kuma muhawara da aka yi nufi ga karfafa talakawa mutane da Ruhbãnãwa haƙĩƙa sunã yi jihãdi da kyau da kuma wajen samar da wani auna ga Allah. Wata ila ya yi amfani da unorthodox harshe, amma ya nufi kasance daraja da aka yi nufi ga qarfafa a cikin mutane mafi muhimmanci na ruhaniya Concepts na koyarwar Almasihu.

"Idan ba a koyar da jahilai, za su taba koyi, kuma babu wani daga cikinsu zai taba sani ma'adanin na rayuwa da kuma mutuwa. M koyar da begen su juya su daga jãhilai zuwa haskaka mutane. "

"Godiya ga mafi girma soyayya duk adam rayuwa dole a tashe ta wucin gadi son-kai da tushen dukkan soyayya, to Allah: mutumin zai sake zama maigida a kan yanayi, kasancewarsa da Allah da kiwon da shi zuwa ga Allah."

Mutuwa a cikin papal zama

Bayan ya aka same shi da laifi na Bishop na Cologne, Meister Eckhart tafi Avignon, inda Paparoma John XXII kafa wata kotun bincike da wa'azi ta roko. Ga Eckhart mutu a 1327 kafin Paparoma ya zo yanke shawara. Bayan mutuwarsa, da shugaban cocin Katolika na kira wasu Meister karkatacciyar koyarwa, same 17 abubuwa sun savawa Katolika bangaskiya, da kuma wani 11 wanda aka ake zargi da wannan. An zaci cewa shi ya yi wani yunkurin jinkiri a cikin sufi koyarwarsa. Duk da haka, aka ce, lalle Eckhart janye ra'ayi ko a gabãnin mutuwarsa, don haka shi da kansa ya zauna ba tare da lahani. Wannan jayayya aka ya kwantad da hankali masu sukar da kuma magoya bayan.

tasiri Eckhart

Bayan mutuwar m wa'azi masa suna da aka girgiza da Allah wadai da Paparoma wasu daga cikin rubuce-rubucen. Amma da yake har yanzu m a Dominican Order. Meister Eckhart, wanda littattafai ba a yanke wa hukunci, a bangare, ci gaba da tasiri a zukatan mabiyansu, ta hanyar da rubuce-rubucen. Da yawa daga cikin magoya dauki bangare a cikin yunkuri na abokai na Allah, wanzu a al'ummomi a ko'ina cikin yankin. The sabbin shugabannin sun kasa m fiye da Eckhart, amma suka kiyaye koyarwarsa.

Abõkin Meister dubi iya an yi amfani da, a cikin halittar wani m 14th karni aiki "Kalam na Germanicus." Wannan aikin yana da wani babban tasiri a kan Protestant canji. "Kalam na Germanicus" ya na bayar da muhimmanci, saboda shi soki rawar da coci matsayi da kuma jaddada muhimmancin sadarwa kai tsaye da Allah. Wadannan ra'ayoyi sun yi amfani da Martin Luther, a lokacin da ya kalubalanci wadanda mutane iko na Roman Katolika.

Tarurrukan da rukunan

A sha tara da ashirin ƙarni, a fadi da kewayon ruhaniya hadisai na sabuwar popularized da koyarwarsa da kuma wasiyya, Meister Eckhart. Ambato daga ayyukansa amfani da ko da Paparoma John Paul II: «Shin Eckhart ya koya wa almajiransa: duk da cewa Allah yana so ka fi - shi ne don samun fita daga kanka da kuma bari Allah ya zama Allah a cikin ku. Ku yi zaton cewa ta hanyar raba kansu daga halittu, yanã abõkin iznin bil'adama a baya. A wannan Eckhart bayar da hujjar cewa, a akasin wannan, yanã abõkin hanyar mu'ujiza ba a kawai matakin inda shi iya da gaske kai da shi, da cewa shi ne a cikin Allah. "

Mutane da yawa Katolika yi imani da cewa koyarwar Jamus wa'azi yayi dace da wani dogon hadisi da yake kama da falsafar Fomy Akvinskogo - likita na coci da kuma 'yan'uwanmu Dominican. Eckhart ne wani muhimmin aikin a cikin hadisin na Canon na Kirista ruhi da kuma Sufi.

Meister Eckhart aka mayar da su zuwa martabar mai yawan Jamus falsafa, wanda yaba da aikinsa. Wadannan sun hada da Frants Pfayfer, wanda Aka sake buga shi ayyukansa a 1857, da kuma Schopenhauer, wanda ya fassara da "Upanishads" kuma idan aka kwatanta da koyarwar Meister tare da matani na India da kuma Musulunci esoteric. A cewar shi, da Buddha, Eckhart, kuma ya - duk koyar da wannan.

Beme Yakob, Ekhart Meyster, da sauran Kirista asiri kuma dauke da manyan malaman theosophical motsi.

A cikin karni na ashirin, da Dominicans sun yi aiki don share sunan mai Jamus wa'azi da ya gabatar a wani sabon haskaka kuma da bukatar da aikinsa. A shekarar 1992, Janar Jagora na Order ya sanya wani jami'in request ga Cardinal Ratzinger soke papal sa, dauke da Meister. Ko da yake wannan bai faru ba, ya fi za a iya daukan aiki. Yana iya kiranta daya daga cikin mafi girma da Masters Yammacin ibada.

Legacy Eckhart

The tsira ayyukan Eckhart ta Latin rubuta kafin 1310 ne:

• "Paris tambayoyi".
• "Janar Gabatarwa aiki a sassa uku".
• "Gabatarwa ga aikin na gabatar".
• "Gabatarwa da aikin comments '.
• "Comments a kan Farawa".
• "The littafin ne a misalin kasancewarka".
• "Sharhin a littafin Fitowa".
• "Sharhin a Littãfin ne mai hikima".
• "Sanin da kuma laccoci kan ashirin da huɗu babi na Mai-Wa'azi".
• "Sharhin a kan Song of Songs".
• "Sharhin a St. John".
• "Aljanna m rai".
• "Kariya" da sauransu.

Aiki a Jamus:

• "86 hadisin ruhu da kuma tattaunawa".
• "Tattaunawa da shiriya".
• "A littafin na allahntaka consolation" da sauransu.