Memory: rarrabuwa da kuma iri na memory

Memory ne a shafi tunanin mutum da aiwatar hada da gamewa, tsare da m haifuwa na bayanai. Saboda wadannan ayyukan da aka bayar da adana na mutum kwarewa.

tarihi bincike

A farko nazarin memory ya fara a zamanin da da kuma aka nasaba da ilmantarwa tsari. A zamanin d Girka, misali, shi ne m zuwa ɗauka cewa da bayanai samun shiga wani mutum ta kai a cikin nau'i na musamman kayan gaɓũɓuwa, da barin sawaye a cikin taushi al'amari na kwakwalwa, kamar lãka ko da kakin zuma.

Daga bisani, marubucin "na'ura mai aiki da karfin ruwa" model na juyayi tsarin, Descartes yake samar da ra'ayin cewa na yau da kullum da yin amfani da wannan jijiya zaruruwa (m shambura, bisa ga Descartes) rage da juriya motsi "dabba ruhohi" (saboda fadada). Wannan, bi da bi, take kaiwa ga samuwar na haddar.

A 80-ies. Karni na 19th H. Ebbinghaus yayi da kansa Hanyar nazarin dokokin da ake kira m ƙwaƙwalwar. A liyafar da aka haddace maganar banza syllables. Ƙarshe ya zama haddacen masu lankwasa, kazalika da wasu alamu na mataki inji na Association. Alal misali, an samu da za a musamman da tabbaci ya tuna da abubuwan da suka yi karfi ra'ayi a kan mutum. Irin wannan bayanai da aka adana nan da nan da kuma har abada. A bambanci, da rashin muhimmanci ga mutum data (ko da sun kasance mafi hadaddun cikin sharuddan ciki) a cikin memory, kamar yadda mai mulkin, ba su adana na dogon lokaci. Saboda haka, H. Ebbinghaus farko amfani da nazari na memory na gwaji hanya.

Da farko a cikin marigayi 19th karni, dole memory aiwatar kokarin fassara da misalin tare da aiki da irin wannan inji na'urorin, kamar wayar hannu, tef rakoda, lantarki kwamfuta, da sauransu. Idan muka zana wani misalin da fasaha ta zamani, akwai shi ne idan na kwamfuta memory rarrabuwa.

A zamani kimiyya makaranta na nazarin halittu misalai suna amfani da bincike na da sunadaran da haddar. Alal misali, wasu iri memory dangana ga kwayoyin tushen: da bayanai imprinting tsari ne tare da wani karuwa a cikin abun ciki na kwakwalwa neurons nucleic acid.

rarrabuwa na memory

Psychology dogara ne a kan wadannan sharudda ga kasafi na daban na memory:

1. A yanayin da rinjaye shafi tunanin mutum aiki:

• motor,
• dimbin yawa,
• wani tunanin,
• fi'ili dabaru.

2. Yanayin da manufofin:

• sabani,
• involuntary.

3. A tsawon lokaci da kayyade / saving material:

• gajere,
• dogon lokaci,
• aiki.

4. Amfani mnemotechnical albarkatun:

• kai tsaye,
• sulhu tsakani.

A yanayin da rinjaye shafi tunanin mutum da aiki a cikin ayyukan

Duk da cewa duk iri memory m ga wannan qa'idar, ba su wanzu a cikin kadaici da kuma mu'amala a hankali tare da juna, Blonsky saukar wasu ƙayyadaddu na kowane irin:

• Motor (motor) memory. Nau'in memory a cikin wannan yanayin da ake nufi ga predominance na daya ko wasu ƙungiyoyi. Alal misali, irin wannan shi ne asali a cikin samuwar m basira da kuma mota aiki (na tafiya, yanã tafiya da gaggãwa, rubutu, da dai sauransu). In ba haka ba, lokacin da ake aiwatar da motor yi za mu yi kowane lokaci wajen samar da shi a sake. Kamar wancan akwai a matsayin wani fasaha resistant kashi data (msl, daya daga cikin mu yana da wani rubutun hannu style ciyar hannu domin gaisuwa, da iri na yin amfani da cutlery da dai sauransu) da kuma maras tabbas (ayyana deflection ƙungiyoyi dangane da halin da ake ciki).
• Dimbin yawa memory. ƙwaƙwalwar adanar rarrabuwa da nufin daga ra'ayinsa na jagorantar modality (na gani, auditory, olfactory, gustatory, tactile). The bayanai gane ta mutum kafin, bayan kafa siffar memory aka buga riga a cikin nau'i na wakilci. Specific Properties na wakilci ne fragmented da Heart da kuma rashin zaman lafiya. Haka kuma, da sake bugawa image a ƙwaƙwalwar iya muhimmanci bambanta daga asalin.
• Wani tunanin ƙwaƙwalwar. Yana bayyana a kan aiwatar da ambaton kuma haifuwa motsin zuciyarmu. Ne musamman muhimmanci a cikin shafi tunanin mutum da ayyuka na mutum, saboda motsin zuciyarmu ana da farko sigina na jihar muke bukata da kuma bukatun, dangantakar da muke da tare da waje duniya. Ji dandana by mu a baya da kuma gyarawa a cikin memory, sa'an nan ku yi domin mu kamar yadda motivators / antipobuditeley zuwa wasu ayyuka. A wannan yanayin, kamar yadda a baya form, ji, reproduced a ƙwaƙwalwar su sami kayan daban-daban daga asalin asali (dangane da canji na yanayi, abun ciki da kuma tilasta wani gwaninta).
• Fi'ili da kuma ma'ana memory. Da nufin tunawa da mutum tunani (game da tunanin karanta littafin, da abun ciki na hira da abokai, da sauransu.). A daidai wannan lokaci, aiki na tunani shi ne ba zai yiwu ba ba tare da sa hannu na ilimin harsuna siffofin - Saboda haka sunan: fi'ili da kuma ma'ana memory. Nau'in memory haka ya hada biyu subspecies: idan ya zama dole don tuna kawai da ma'anar abu ba tare da wata s haifuwa na rakiyar fi'ili maganganu. a lokacin da shi wajibi ne kamar yadda na zahiri fi'ili magana da wasu tunani.

A yanayin da manufofin

• Hanawa memory. Tare da gudummawar nufin a aiwatar da haddacewa, da bunqasar da haifuwa na da wasu bayanai.
• Involuntary memory. A kwarara daga cikin babban sunadaran da memory wuce ba tare da iradar, ta atomatik. A daidai wannan lokaci ikon ambaton involuntary memory na iya zama duka rauni, kuma, a daya bangaren, barga sabani.

A tsawon lokaci da kayyade / containments

Main memory rarrabuwa yawanci ko da yaushe sun hada da wani lokaci rarrabẽwa.

• Short-lokaci memory. Rike bayanai bayan ƙarshe na ta ji (mataki a kan ji gabobin na dace ihisani) for game da 25-30 seconds.
• Dogon lokacin da ƙwaƙwalwar ajiyar. Shi ne da rinjaye yanayin adanar mutum da aka tsara don adana bayanai na dogon lokaci. Bugu da ƙari kuma, wannan bayani da aka yi amfani da akai-akai da mutum.
• RAM. Za a ajiye tare da takamaiman bayani a cikin mafita m zuwa yanzu aiki. A gaskiya, wannan matsalar da kuma kayyade bayani dalla-dalla na RAM a yanayin da ake ciki. Nau'in memory kuma ake dangantawa da wani lokaci rarrabẽwa. Dangane da yanayin matsalar da ake warware a lokacin bayanai ajiya memory iya bambanta daga 'yan seconds zuwa kwanaki da dama.

Amfani da kudi mnemotechnical

• Direct memory. Nau'in memory a cikin wannan hali ne da za'ayi daga ra'ayinsa na gaban / rashi na wasu na biyu transceiver kayan aiki. Lokacin da wani kai tsaye haddar tsari aka yi kai tsaye ya gane effects a kan kayan jikin mutum ji.
• Sulhu tsakani memory. Yana aiwatar da amfani mutum musamman kayan aikin da dabaru a kan aiwatar da adanar da haifuwa abu.

Saboda haka, tsakanin kanta da kuma ta buga bayanai ƙarin mahada amfani da memory. Kamar yadda wadannan raka'a ana yin musamman da alãmarsu, suka kullin, cribs, da dai sauransu