Mene ne Arctic da Antarctic? Iyakar na Arctic. A yankin na Arctic. A ɓangaren da na Arctic

A wannan labarin, za mu so ka yi magana game da abin da yake cikin Arctic. Waɗanda suka yi dogon sauke karatu daga makarantar sakandare, a matsayin mai mulkin, nan da nan yana da kadan to gaya mana game da shi. Bari mu tuna wata makaranta labarin kasa shakka.

Mene ne Arctic da Antarctic?

Duka wadannan kalmomi nufin wani bangare na duniya, wadda ke kusa da sandunan. Sai kawai daya daga cikin wadannan sassa nasa ne da Arewa iyakacin duniya, da kuma sauran - ga ta Kudu. A general, ba abin mamaki ba, da kuma samun ɓace a cikin kalmomi. Kuma duk saboda kalmomi irin wannan a cikin sauti, amma har yanzu wannan tushen.

A Arctic da Antarctic su ne kalmomin Greek asalin, amma a maimakon haka, wani tsoho Greek. Dalili na kalmomi - tushen na "Arktos" na nufin bear. Me ya sa yake da beyar?

Mafi m, da harka a ilmin taurari. Lalle ne, da yawa daga cikin ƙungiyar taurari kira sunayen da heroes of Girkanci mythology: Centaur, Orion, Andromeda, Cassiopeia, Pegasus, Taurus, Cepheus. Ciki har da Little Dipper kuma Big. Saboda haka, shi ne a cikin ƙungiyar taurari na Ursa Ƙananan ne da Arewa Star, wanda shi ne kusan a Arewa iyakacin duniya. Wannan star pinpoints arewacin shugabanci a cikin yammancin duniya (arewa).

Ina da sunan

Shi ne ma'ana ya ɗauka cewa sunan da aka samu kamar haka. Kohl iyakacin duniya Star aka located a cikin Ursa Ƙananan kuma Ursa - Arktos shi nuna mulkin na arewa, wannan kuma Arctic. Sai dai itace cewa Arctic - arewa Duniya.

Amma Antarctica da aka mai suna, bisa ga dokoki na Greek nahawu, da wanda kishiyar darajar yana da prefix "anti". Ga akwai wani zato game da asalin na sunayen Arctic da Antarctic.

Arctic

To, abin da yake cikin Arctic? Yana da wani yanki na ƙasar dab da Arewa iyakacin duniya. Yana hada da nahiyar gefe na North America, Eurasia, kusan dukan Arctic Ocean da tsibirin, kazalika da wasu m yankunan da Pacific da kuma Atlantic tekuna. Daga kudu iyaka da Arctic gargajiyance gudanar a kan Arctic Circle. Shi ne 66 darajõji, kuma minti na 33 arewa latitud. A wannan yanayin, muna iya cewa Arctic yanki na 21 murabba'in kilomita miliyan.

A yanayin damina da Arctic kadan softer fiye da Antarctic, saboda shi ne ciyar da teku igiyoyin.

Antarctic

Antarctica - ne kudu iyakacin duniya sassa na duniya, wanda shi ne m ga Kudu iyakacin duniya da ya hada da Antarctica da kuma sassa na India, Atlantic, Pacific tekuna. A yanayin damina a Antarctica ne mafi tsananin azãba. Yana gida penguins.

Arctic iyakar

Ina da iyakar ko fara Arctic? Arctic iyakar gargajiyance gudanar, kamar yadda muka ce, a kan Arewa kewayo. Amma sau da yawa sanyi (Arctic) yanayi da ake nuna a cikin wani fiye da kudancin yankunan. Sa'an nan kuma, shan la'akari da waɗanda yankunan da Arctic yanki zo zuwa 27 murabba'in kilomita miliyan. Saboda haka, shi za ta motsa, kuma ta iyaka.

Arctic zone - mai arziki sosai yankin, duk da matsananci yanayin damina. Ga sun mayar da hankali babban reserves na ma'adanai: azurfa, lu'u-lu'u, da zinariya, da chromium, phosphorus da yawa wasu. A ɓangaren da na Arctic kai ga cewa shi nasa ne da 'yan sassa na duniya, a cikin abin da ya zuwa yanzu sun zauna untouched reserves na hydrocarbon da kuma ma'adinai raw kayan. Bugu da ƙari, cikin yankin ne mai arziki a cikin man fetur da kuma iskar gas.

Ya kamata a lura cewa kudancin iyaka da Arctic al'ada da aka gudanar (wannan) a kan iyakar kudancin na tundra.

A general, shi ne quite ban sha'awa da kuma m yankin. Kuma magana game da inda ya yi iyaka da Arctic, yana yiwuwa ga wani dogon lokaci. Yana da ba haka sauki.

Ko da yake shi ne mai raba yankin, amma ya yi iyaka da Arctic da za'ayi a cikin hanyoyi daban-daban. A daya daga cikin zabin da muka ambata. Shi ne 66 darajõji, kuma minti na 33 arewa latitud. E. The iyaka da Arctic gargajiyance gudanar a kan Arctic Circle. Don arewa na wannan latitud tsayar da ban sha'awa sabon abu da matsayin iyakacin duniya ranar da iyakacin duniya dare. Kuma wannan yana nufin a yankin a lokacin rani rana ba kafa wani lokaci, wani lokacin kuma da rana ba yakan a hunturu. Ga mai girma fasalin.

A cikin sharuddan yanayin damina a kan iyaka da Arctic gudanar ƙasa, inda da talakawan Yuli zafin jiki ba ya wuce goma digiri. An ban sha'awa Gaskiyar ita ce, wannan shi ne iyakar ciyayi domin itatuwa arewa wuya tsira.

Yanayin da kasa iyakoki na Arctic gargajiyance da aka gudanar a wurare daban-daban. A nan, misali, Iceland ne da kudu na Arctic Circle, amma duk da haka akwai Yuli yanayin zafi kada ku ƙẽtare 10 digiri.

Duniya ta Arctic

Arctic ƙasa, ko kuma wajen, ta ƙasar, wani yanki na 14 murabba'in kilomita miliyan. Waɗannan ƙasashe kunshi matsananci arewacin Holdings na lamba na jihohi. Shi ne Rasha, Greenland, Kanada, Amurka, Norway, Iceland, Finland da kuma Sweden.

A ɓangaren da na Arctic da kuma sa a irin wannan halin da ake ciki ban sha'awa. Dole ne in ce cewa Canada da kuma Rasha Federation nasa ne da rinjaye (80%), United States - 4 bisa dari, da kuma Scandinavian kasashe sun koma game da goma sha shida cikin dari. The uku na yankin - wannan ne Arctic Ocean, wanda wanke kan da Arewa iyakacin duniya. Mafi yawa daga cikin shekara an rufe da kankara.

Wani lokaci yana ba da muhimmanci sosai, kamar yadda ya yi iyaka da Arctic al'ada da aka gudanar daga Gwargwadon ra'ayi, idan muna magana ne game da raba sassa na shi zuwa kasashe daban-daban. Wannan yanki za a iya raba Gwargwadon yankuna: Rasha zone, Canada yankin, Alaska, Greenland, Spitsbergen, Iceland, kuma Fennoscandia.

A cikin Arctic, Rasha da mulkin Kolguev (Island), Arewa duniya, Franz Josef Land, Novaya Zemlya, da New Siberian Islands, Wrangel, da dai sauransu Bugu da kari, da Rasha Arctic zone nasa ne partially ko cikakken wadannan yankunan: .. Sakha Jamhuriyar, Arkhangelsk Oblast, Murmansk , Chukotka District, Yamalo-Nenets, Nenets da Taimyr sashin.

Mẽne ne kamar zuwa Arctic?

Magana ne game da abin da yake cikin Arctic, ina so a lura da cewa ba haka ba ne kawai da snow kankara, kamar yadda wasu mutane tunani. A gaskiya ma, cikin Fauna da Flora, wannan yankin ne quite na musamman. Subarctic kuma Arctic hamada sanaki akalla 20,000 jinsuna daban na shuke-shuke, fungi, dabbobi da kwayoyin. Yana gida musamman dabbobi da kuma shuke-shuke girma, wanda ba a samu a ko'ina kuma a Duniya. Ko da a cikin wannan matsananci yanayin ne kasa Parks domin yanayi kiyayewa. A yanayi na wadannan latitudes dace mazauninsu ga wasu jinsunan Fauna da Flora. Alal misali, a cikin Arctic ne 25% na nau'in na domin salmonids, game da 12% na lichens da kuma mosses 6%.

Babu shakka, da Flora da fauna sosai unevenly rarraba halitta yankunan. Kwari, kamar zaune a nan, sa up rabi daga cikin jinsunan bambancin da duniyar tamu. Oddly isa, amma mafi wanzuwa ne beetles da kwari, wanda suke iya yin tsayayya da yanayin zafi har zuwa debe sittin digiri. Bumblebees da sauro Arctic pollinate gida furanni, kuma a gaskiya akwai kusan babu ƙudan zuma. Kamar yadda ka gani, da Arctic - shi ne ba da wani m yankin, kamar yadda da yawa suka yi ĩmãni.

A ra'ayi na mutane stereotype cewa iyakar da Arctic sun al'ada shared da permafrost, da kuma talakawa duniya, amma a gaskiya shi ne, ba haka. Kamar yadda ka gani, rayuwa shi ne ko da a cikin matsananci halin wurare.

shuka duniya

Domin da Flora hankula da rikice game da kudancin (Asian da American) da tsire-tsire na Arctic da relic. A kudancin gangaren Chukotka da steppe yankunan. Masana kimiyya bayar da shawarar cewa sau daya duk na Arctic wani m steppe (a cikin kwanaki na mammoths). A arziki da ciyayi a cikin Arctic yankin - wannan shi ne bakin tekun na Chukotka da Wrangel Island. Yana da wuya a kwatanta, amma arba'in jinsunan shuke-shuke da dabbobi da cewa rayuwa a cikin kasusuwan sa, a ko'ina kuma a duniya ba faruwa.

Ciyayi aka wakilta hatsi, iyakacin duniya poppies, sedges, Willow, lichen, Dwarf Birch, liverworts, mosses (a nan tsiro sanannen lichen - reindeer gansakuka). Chaun Bay a kan tekun na Chukotka a general ne na musamman da wuri. Akwai thickets na tsiren ruwan teku, da kuma sauran kaya daga baya, da warmer ƙarni.

Arctic shuke-shuke - dalilin rayuwar mutum da dabbobi a cikin wadannan sassa. A cikin abinci amfani russules, cloudberries, lichens da kuma ganye. A Iceland, misali, ya dade da yi abinci da kuma gasa burodi daga talakawa lichen (kira Tsentrariya). Shi ne shugaba a kan abun ciki na alama abubuwa, bitamin, polysaccharides, daban-daban acid. Ya kuma abubuwa a matsayin wani nuna alama daga cikin tsarki da yanayi.

dabba duniya

Arctic bayanin zai zama bai cika ba tare da ya ambaci na dabba duniya. A wannan yankin sanaki mafi kyau dabba na arewa - reindeer, wanda yana da babban muhimmanci a cikin rayuwar kananan 'yan asalin mutane. Domin nomadic reindeer shi ne tushen ikon - shi ne madara, nama, boyewa, kaho. Duk wadannan kayayyakin sa shi yiwuwa a daidaita da kuma rayuwa a yanayi na sosai low yanayin zafi. Venison - mai matukar muhimmanci da samfurin, mutum ɗari grams nama ne isa ya tabbatar da bitamin da kuma ma'adanai mutum ga dukan yini. Bugu da ƙari kuma, venison sa scurvy, beriberi, metabolism cuta da anemia.

Mutane kiwo a gida reindeer ga dubban shekaru, su namo ya zama wani gargajiya zama na arewacin al'ummai. Amma al'umman North America ba domesticate dabbobi, da suka fi son farautar caribou.

The most yawan reindeer rai a cikin Yamalo-Nenets gundumar, inda dubban dabbobi ne grazed.

Arctic Musk sa

Har yanzu rayuwa a cikin Arctic Musk sa - mafi girma a ungulates, su ne zumunta na mammoths. Animals remarkably saba da rayuwa a cikin matsananci yanayi. Dumi dogon gashi kare su daga sanyi da iska, aka ba musamman wuya a kan abinci. Musk shanu sun dade a kunshe a cikin Red Littãfi daga Rasha. A halin yanzu, suna zaune ne kawai a kan Taimyr Larabawa da kuma Wrangel Island. A Kanad tsibiran, su yawan kullum tsiro. Har ya zuwa farkon karni na ashirin, da suka rayu a Alaska. Masana kimiyya bayar da shawarar cewa dabbobi iya canza mazauninsu saboda xumamar duniya, saboda ba su iya rayuwa a cikin akai ruwan sama da rigar ulu. Don rage yawan dabbobi shafa da kuma dayansu. The halitta mazauninsu iyakacin duniya Wolves wakiltar wani tsanani hatsari ga barewa da kuma ga Musk sa.

Domin asalin mutanen da Arctic ne mai gargajiya yi garkuwa, saboda akwai da yawa daga Foxes, weasels, wolverines, Wolves da iyakacin duniya Foxes.

An muhimmin ɓangare na abinci sarkar ne hakori da zomaye. Hamsters ci lemmings a rana da rabi sau fiye da abinci fiye da kansu auna.

duniya na tsuntsaye

A Arctic gida game da rabi daga cikin jinsunan gaci tsuntsaye a duniya, dole ne in ce cewa su ne wani karfi bangaren tsakanin marine da kuma bakin teku tsarin. Yana da wuya a kwatanta da tekun ba tare da "rookeries", babbar mazauna na gulls, fulmars, cormorants, guillemots, murres ne a nan.

A takaice bazara watanni tare da bakin tekun na Arctic Ocean yi sheƙarsu 280 jinsunan tsuntsaye. Rare kuma ya saba da tsuntsaye, tãyar da zũriyarmu tashi zuwa Afrika, Turai, Antarctica da Asiya. Taimyr, misali, ya dade da aka dauke da wani muhimmin wuri na shorebirds da waterfowl hijirarsa. A Arctic gida mafi girma da yawan jama'a na fari geese, wanda settles a kan Wrangel Island. A Yakutia rayuwa fari crane da fari crane - daya daga cikin rarest jinsunan a duniya.

marine dabbobi masu shayarwa

Alamu na Arctic sun zama marine dabbobi. Duk da haka, uncontrolled ayyukan mutane sun kai ga cewa, wasu jinsunan da aka kusan gaba daya shafe. A mafi muhimmanci dabba mai tsanani yankin - na iyakacin duniya bear. Kullum akwai 19 daga alƙarya, kowanne daga abin da ya kunshi 22 dubu dabbobi. Bears ne Semi-na cikin ruwa salon, suka yi kiwo a kan gaba na Chukotka Cape Desire a kan Novaya Zemlya, Franz Josef Land. manyan bakin teku dabbar walrus rookeries suna located a tsibirin Wrangel. Wannan shi ne kawai wurin natsuwa, Maɗina su.

Farauta na iyakacin duniya Bears ya dade da aka hukuma da dakatar. Amma da mazaunan Greenland da Canada da aka ba quite girmamawa da ban, bayarwa lasisi don farautar, saboda wanda ya kashe har zuwa 350 dabbobi a kowace shekara.

Alaska kuma a shekara izni kama Whales da bowhead Whales.

maimakon wani epilogue

Kamar yadda wani ɓangare na labarin, za mu yi magana game da coldest yankuna na duniya. Kamar yadda muka gani, shi ba kome inda ya yi iyaka da Arctic aka yi a kan taswira, don shi ne duk wannan akwai rai ko a sosai low yanayin zafi. Ko a cikin wadannan sassa na da Flora da fauna.