Non-karafa - shi ne cewa ...? Properties na ba-karafa

Non-karafa - ne abubuwa muhimmanci daban-daban jiki da kuma sinadaran Properties na da karafa. Bayyana a cikin daki-daki, ga dalilin da suke sãɓã wa jũna iya kawai a karshen cikin XIX karni, bayan da aka gano na lantarki tsarin da zarra. Mene ne haka na musamman game da ba-karafa? Waɗanne halaye ne halayyar da rana suka? Bari mu fuskanci shi.

Non-karafa - menene wannan?

A tsarin kula da rabo daga cikin abubuwa cikin karafa da kuma wadanda ba karafa ya dade wanzu a cikin kimiyya al'umma. Na farko da kungiyar a cikin lokaci-lokaci tebur mafi yawa ana kira kashi 94. Nonmetals hada Mendeleev kashi 22. A lokaci-lokaci tsarin da suka zauna cikin sama dama kusurwa.

The free form ba karafa - shi ne mai sauki al'amari, babban alama na wanda yake da rashi na halayyar ƙarfe Properties. Suna iya zama a cikin wani Jihar tari. Saboda haka, aidin, phosphorus, sulfur, carbon samu a cikin nau'i na daskararru. Gaseous jihar halayyar oxygen, nitrogen, sunadarin flourine da t. D. The ruwa ne bromine kawai.

A yanayi nonmetals abubuwa May zama a cikin nau'i na sauki abu ko a cikin nau'i na mahadi. Found a Sakakken form sulfur, nitrogen, oxygen. A mahadi suka samar da borates, phosphates, da sauransu. D. A wannan tsari, su ne ba a cikin ma'adanai, da ruwa, kankara.

Ba kamar karafa

Non-karafa - suna da abubuwa da cewa bambanta daga karafa bayyanar, tsari da kuma sinadaran Properties. Bã su da wani babban yawan unpaired electrons a cikin matsanancin matakin, sabili da haka, sun fi aiki a cikin hadawan abu da iskar shaka da kuma halayen sauƙi a haɗe zuwa ƙarin electrons da kansu.

A halayyar bambancin da aka lura da tsakanin abubuwa a cikin crystal raga tsarin. A karafa, shi ne karfe. A ba-karafa, zai iya zama na biyu iri: atomic da kwayoyin. Atomic raga abubuwa imparts taurin kuma qara narkewa batu, shi ne halayyar silicon, boron, germanium. Kwayoyin raga mallaka chlorine, sulfur, oxygen. Yana bada su ta wani abu kaɗan volatility da taurin.

A ciki tsarin da abubuwa tantance su jiki Properties. Metals da halayyar haske, mai kyau halin yanzu madugu da kuma zafi. Su ne m, roba, amenable to bisa ƙirƙira, da kananan kewayon launuka (baki, inuwõyinta suna kusa, launin toka, wani lokacin yellowish a launi).

Non-karafa - shi ne ruwa, gaseous ko m abubuwa, ba da ciwon da luster da malleability. Su launuka bambanta ƙwarai da kuma iya zama ja, baki, ruwan toka, rawaya, da sauransu. D. Kusan duk talauci conductive nonmetals (sai carbon) da kuma zafi (sai dai phosphorus da carbon baki).

A sunadarai Properties na nonmetals

A sinadaran halayen, ba-karafa iya taka rawa a matsayin oxidizing da rage jamiái. By maida martani tare da karafa, sun dauka electrons, haka exhibiting oxidative Properties.

Hulda da sauran wadanda ba karafa, da suka nuna hali daban. A cikin wadannan halayen kasa electronegative kashi reductant bayyana kanta a matsayin mafi electronegative protrudes oxidant.

Tare da oxygen kusan dukan (sai sunadarin flourine) nonmetals bayyana kansu rage jamiái. By dauki tare da hydrogen su da yawa oxidants, baya kafa wata maras tabbas fili.

Part nonmetal abubuwa iya kafa 'yan sauki abubuwa ko gyare-gyare. Wannan sabon abu ne da ake kira allotropism. Alal misali, carbon wanzu a cikin nau'i na graphite, lu'u-lu'u, da sauran gyare-gyare carbyne. Akwai biyu oxygen - lemar sararin samaniya da kuma oxygen kanta. Phosphorus ne ja, baki, da fari da kuma ƙarfe.

Non-karafa a cikin yanayi

A daban-daban yawan wadanda ba karafa ne a ko'ina. Su ne bangare na duniya ta ɓawon burodi, wani bangare ne na sararin sama, hydrosphere, suna ba a cikin duniya da kuma rayayyun kwayoyin halitta. A sarari ya fi na kowa ne hydrogen da helium.

A halin da ake ciki ne quite daban-daban a cikin Duniya. A mafi muhimmanci da aka gyara na duniya ta ɓawon burodi - oxygen da kuma silicon. Sun yi har fiye da 75% na taro. Amma da kalla adadin lissafta ga aidin da bromine.

A cikin abun da ke ciki na teku da ruwa a cikin oxygen zama dole to 85,80% da kuma hydrogen - 10,67%. Its tsarin ila yau ya hada chloro, sulfur, boron, bromine, carbon, sunadarin flourine da silicon. A abun da ke ciki na yanayi magabaci ne da nitrogen (78%) kuma oxygen (21%).

Nonmetals, kamar carbon, hydrogen, phosphorus, sulfur, oxygen da kuma nitrogen suna da muhimmanci kwayoyin abubuwa. Sun tallafa wa lamarinsa na dukan abubuwa masu rai a wannan duniya tamu, ciki har da mutane.