Mene ne ilimin halittar jiki na kananan kwayoyin halitta?

A ilimin halittar jiki na kwayoyin - ne kimiyya da abin ya shafa tare da nazarin su siffar, tsari da hanyoyin da haifuwa da kuma motsi.

Muhimmai da kuma samu

Wannan kimiyya ne quite m, kuma an karatu da yawa al'amurran da suka shafi. Duk da cewa duk kwayoyin ne ganuwa zuwa adam ido, suka kada wanzu da kuma sũ biyun, "mai kyau" ga jiki, kazalika da sharri.

Germs za a iya samu a duk yankunan da manifestations na rayuwa: ruwa, ƙasa, iska, da kuma sauran kwayoyin.

Da farko koya game da kwayoyin Leeuwenhoek shahara masanin kimiyya tsunduma a samar da farko ruwan tabarau, barin abubuwa kara har zuwa biyu sau ɗari. Kuma abin da ya gani mamaki shi gaba daya. Scientist gano cewa germs ne a ko'ina da kuma su ne duk daban-daban daga juna. Saboda haka, Leeuwenhoek shi ne discoverer na kwayoyin.

Louis Pasteur soma nazarin wannan tambaya, kamar yadda ilimin halittar jiki na kananan kwayoyin halitta, da kuma gano cewa, ba kawai don suna da wani daban-daban tsarin da kuma siffar, amma kuma hanyoyi daban-daban da kuma motsi, kuma haifuwa. Ya samu cewa wasu kwayoyin ne cutarwa ga jikin mutum, da kuma wasu, a akasin haka, m. Ya kuma gano cewa microbes kamar yisti, zai iya kai wa ga fermentation tafiyar matakai.

A ilimin halittar jiki na kwayoyin yarda masana kimiyya da dama to ya ƙirƙira daban-daban maganin don taimaka jimre da m adam cututtuka.

rarrabuwa

Kananan kwayoyin halitta suna dauke ne wakilan da karami rai a duniya duniya. Mafi sau da yawa, su ne unicellular, da kuma la'akari da su kawai a cikin wani iko sosai a madubin.

Wannan nau'i na rayuwa size aka auna a micrometers da nanometers. A yanayi, suka gano wata babbar adadin, don haka suna da gagarumin bambance-bambance a cikin tsari, wata hanya na zama da kuma motsi.

Bisa ga kafa rarrabuwa, kwayoyin kasu kashi acellular, unicellular da kwayar. A lokaci guda sun kasu kashi irin Categories: fungi, yeasts, phages, kwayoyin da ƙwayoyin cuta.

A kadan game da kwayoyin cuta

A cikin nazarin irin batutuwa da ilimin halittar jiki na kananan kwayoyin halitta, mai hankali ya kamata a biya zuwa kwayoyin. Mafi sau da yawa, su ne guda-celled kwayoyin (ko da yake akwai ware) da kuma da quite da dama masu girma dabam. Wasu daga cikin su ne 500 micrometers.

Akwai da dama iri kwayoyin da ya bambanta a su form. Wannan zai iya hada sanda-dimbin yawa, ball-dimbin yawa da kuma crimped kwayoyin. Bari mu bincika kowane irin.

Siffar zobe kwayoyin a magani da ake kira "cocci". Mafi sau da yawa suna zagaye siffar, ko da yake wani lokacin akwai kuma m, wake-dimbin yawa kwayoyin. Su za a iya located ba kawai akayi daban-daban amma kuma a cikin nau'i-nau'i, a cikin nau'i na sarƙoƙi ko inabi.

Da yawa daga cikinsu suna da wani mummunan tasiri a kan jikin mutum. Alal misali, streptococci sa allergies, kuma staphylococci ne alhakin da samuwar surkin jini da kuma kumburi tafiyar matakai.

Kwayoyin cutar-dimbin yawa da sandunansu, sun fi na kowa. Wadannan su ne kwayoyin da kai ga tarin fuka, typhoid zazzabi, dysentery.

Wasu iri sandunansu karkashin bad muhalli yanayi, samar da spores. Irin kwayoyin kira bacillus.

Spore samuwar - mai matukar ban sha'awa da kuma rikitarwa aiwatar, saboda cell kanta daga irin wannan ne sosai daban-daban daga talakawa bacilli. Kowane shawara yana da wani m, kuma m membrane, yayin da ciwon negligible yawa na ruwa. Wannan cell ba ya bukatar gina jiki, shi daina matsawa da kuma haihuwa. A wannan shawara iya zama a dire ga rayuwar yanayi, kamar ma ko rashin zafi ƙwarai. Amma da zaran ya je musu wani m yanayi, nan da nan suka fara da rayuwar.

Twisted kwayoyin suna mafi sau da yawa samu a cikin wani nau'i na wakafi ko curls. Yawanci, wadannan kwayoyin sa cututtuka irin syphilis kuma cutar kwalara.

Mutane da yawa kwayoyin ne iya matsar kusa, kuma suka aikata haka tare da taimakon flagella na daban-daban siffofi da kuma tsawo.

Kwayoyin cutar ninka ta rarraba. Wannan tsari ne sosai azumi (kowane goma sha biyar zuwa ashirin da minti). Mai yaduwa za a iya gani a kan abinci da kuma a cikin wani yanayi daban-daban, wanda yana da sinadirai masu darajar high.

ƙwayoyin cuta

Ƙwayoyin cuta za a iya dangana ga wata ƙungiya musamman na kwayoyin da cewa ba da salon salula tsarin. Wadannan rayuwa siffofin su ne kadan, don haka za su iya a gani kawai tare da wani na'urar hange. Wasu iri ƙwayoyin cuta iya kawai kunshi sunadaran da nucleic acid.

Kowane mutum akalla sau daya a cikin rayuwarsa da fuskantar da cututtuka da lalacewa ta hanyar wadannan kwayoyin. Wadannan sun hada da mura, hepatitis, kyanda da kuma wasu cututtuka.

namomin kaza

Wannan rukuni na kwayoyin ne ma na musamman. Namomin kaza ba chlorophyll a cikin abun da ke ciki, da kuma ba ya nuna kira kwayoyin abubuwa. Suna bukatar a shirye-sanya kayayyakin abinci. Wannan shi ne dalilin da ya sa sau da yawa fungi za a iya samu a kan m kasa ko a kan kayayyakin abinci.

Naman kaza halin da daban-daban kiwo hanyoyin. Wadannan sun hada da ba wai kawai jima'i da kuma asexual hanya, amma kuma vegetatively.

yisti

Yeasts ne guda-celled kwayoyin gyarawa, da ciwon da mafi bambancin form. Akwai duka zagaye da kuma m iri, da kuma sanda da lauje.

Wannan irin kananan kwayoyin halitta suna yadu rarraba. Su za a iya samu a kan shuke-shuke a cikin ƙasa, kazalika a abinci, wanda sa'an nan deteriorate. Wasu daga cikinsu suna iya maida sugars zuwa carbon dioxide da barasa. Wannan tsari shine ake kira fermentation. Shi ne a cikin babban bukatar a masana'antun sarrafa kayayyakin abinci.

Ilimin halittar jiki na microorganisms: kwayoyin

Yana kamata a lura da cewa kwayoyin cuta - wani nau'i na rayuwa ta bayyana a duniya tamu sosai farko. Su babban alama ne tsarin tantanin halitta. A bambanci ga eukaryotes (Kwayoyin dauke da core), prokaryotes (kwayoyin) ba dauke da nuclei.

Wadannan kananan kwayoyin halitta da ake samu a kowane fannin rayuwa da kuma samun da tasiri kai tsaye a kan mutum rayuwa.

Masana kimiyya rarraba kwayoyin ne ma a kan manufa na mai amfani. Akwai amfani da cutarwa jinsunan. Amfani da hannu a cikin tsari na photosynthesis, da kyau sakamako a kan mutum narkewa kamar tsarin, kuma sau da yawa amfani da masana'antu.

Karatu kwayoyin ilimin halittar jiki ya ba da wani janar ra'ayin su zama, kuma ma ba su da damar da za su koyi amfanin da illolin a daban-daban yanayi.

Standard kwayan Kwayoyin hada da wadannan aka gyara:

• A jini membrane. Wannan kashi cell ba daban-daban daga cikin membrane na eukaryotes.

• Mesosoma - musamman bangaren da wanda shi ne zai yiwu don hašawa zuwa cell hereditary abu.

• Nucleotide. Yana ba da cikakkiyar sifa kwaya. Yana ƙunshi dukkan chromosomes.

• Ribosomes - musamman wasu gabbansa, game da daukan arba'in bisa dari na salula sarari.

Bayan sama abubuwa, wani ɓangare na prokaryotic Kwayoyin kuma ya hada da: a kwantena bango da kuma mucous Kwayoyin rufe. Mutane da yawa kwayoyin ne iya matsawa da kansa da kuma zuwa ga jingina zuwa ga surface. Sun yi wannan ta hanyar amfani da musamman flagella da villi.

A ilimin halittar jiki na kwayoyin ilimin ƙwayoyin cuta, fungi da kuma yeasts

Virus - musamman jiki, wanda ba shi da wani salon salula tsarin. Kowane barbashi kunshi ta harsashi, kazalika da located a cikin cibiyar da zuciyar bayani.

Amma da tsarin da Kwayoyin na fungi ne mafi wuya fiye da na wasu kwayoyin. A abun da ke ciki kuma ya hada su cell tsakiya da kuma vacuoles. Bisa ga tsarin, su ne sosai kama da shuka, amma suna da wani daban-daban siffar. Yana kama da wani dogon, sashe filaments kira hyphae. Yawanci irin wannan hyphae samar da wata mycelium.

Yisti Kwayoyin an hada da dukan abubuwa na eukaryotes, amma wanin wannan, su ne muhimmi da sauran gyara. Su bambancinsa ta'allaka ne da cewa suna da halaye na biyu dabbobi da kuma shuke-shuke.

metabolism

Ilimin halittar jiki da kuma Physiology na kwayoyin damar fahimtar babban matakai na rayuwarsu. A kwayoyin cuta a cikin wannan hanya a matsayin mafi hadaddun rayuwa siffofin, da kira na lipids, fats da kuma carbohydrates. Amma a wannan matakai a cikin kwayoyin jikinsu ne daban-daban.

Masana sun gano iri biyu eukaryotes: autotrophs da heterotrophs.

Nau'i na farko shi ne m haduwa kwayoyin abubuwa daga inorganic mahadi, amma samar da wani biyu canji matakai na Organic aka gyara.

Mafi sau da yawa heterotrophs ne parasitic kwayoyin. Suna ciyar da abinci kawai a kudi na gina jiki da shiga jikin su rundunar.

Akwai ma saprophytes. Suna ciyar da matattu kwayoyin hada abubuwa.

tsarin ilimin halittar jiki na kwayoyin - yana da quite wani muhimmin ɓangare na nazarin rayuwar kwayoyin. Duk da haka, ban da tsarin tantanin halitta ma kamata la'akari da iri metabolism. Sanyata irin An tattauna a sama. Akwai kuma wani ikon canza.

Masana sun gano wadannan iri makamashi:

• Photosynthesis. Wannan hanya za a iya za'ayi a gaban oxygen, da kuma ba tare da shi.

• Fermentation. Wannan makamashi dauki auku saboda rabuwa da kwayoyin da cewa phosphoric acid da aka canjawa wuri zuwa ADP.

• Numfashi. Kwayoyin iya numfashi ba kawai saboda oxygen, amma kuma da kwayoyin da kuma ma'adinai mahadi.

Transfer kayyade bayanai

Akwai hanyoyi da dama don canja wurin kayyade bayanai prokaryotes (ilimin halittar jiki da kuma taxonomy na kananan kwayoyin halitta suna kuma da aka bayyana a cikin wannan labarin). Bari mu bincika a cikin daki-daki, ga kõwane ɗaya daga gare su:

• Tasrifu - mai Hanyar watsa kayyade bayanai daga daya kwayoyin zuwa wani kawai da su kai tsaye lamba;

• Sake Kama - watsa irin, a cikin abin da gudunmawa raba bayanai tare da masu karɓa.

• Transduction - Hanyar kai tsaye canja wurin da hereditary abu ta amfani da phages.

Hanyar na nazarin kwayoyin ilimin halittar jiki

amfani da irin wannan hanyoyin da mafi m nazarin tsarin prokaryotes kamar yadda bincike da madubin likita kuma batawa.

Microscopic hanyoyin domin nazarin kwayoyin ilimin halittar jiki samar saboda electron da haske microscopes. Masana sun ɓullo da hanyoyin da dama kafin su sami mafi m sakamakon.

Morphological nazari Hanyar damar da madubin da za a duba tsarin da Kwayoyin, kazalika da ta tafi-da-gidanka da kuma ikon haifa.

Physiological Hanyar damar zuwa la'akari da dauki na kwayoyin zuwa daban-daban samuwar kasashe, kazalika da da ikon daidaita da su daban-daban yanayi.

Tare da al'ada Hanyar za a iya za'ayi karatu na kananan kwayoyin mai gina jiki matsakaici. Wannan dabara damar gane da damar don girma da kuma haifuwa.

Ilimin halittar jiki na kananan kwayoyin halitta (ilimin) - wannan shi ne mai matukar muhimmanci kimiyya da cewa karatu kwayoyin da sauran guda-celled. Kada ka yi zaton cewa kawai kwayoyin da zai haddasa lalacewar yanayi da jikin mutum. Nisa daga gare shi. Ba tare da su, rai a duniya ba zai yiwu ba.