The salula tsarin dukkan halittu da? Biology: salula tsarin da jiki

Kamar yadda aka sani, da salon salula tsarin da kusan duk kwayoyin a wannan duniya tamu. Amma, duk Kwayoyin suna da wannan tsari. Wannan shi ne mafi karami tsarin da kuma aikin naúrar na wani rai gabar. A Kwayoyin iya daban-daban ayyuka, ya kuma inganta bambancin a sifa. A lokuta da dama, za su iya aiki a matsayin mai zaman kanta kwayoyin. Salula tsarin ne da shuke-shuke, da dabbobi, fungi, kwayoyin. Duk da haka, akwai wasu bambance-bambance tsakanin su a fannoni daban daban da kuma aikin raka'a. A wannan labarin, za mu duba a cikin salon salula tsarin. Grade 8 hada da nazarin topic. Saboda haka, labarin zai zama mai ban sha'awa ga dalibai, kazalika da waɗanda suka yi kawai sha'awar ilmin halitta. Wannan nazari zai bayyana salon salula tsarin, da sel daban-daban kwayoyin, kamance da kuma bambance-bambance tsakanin su.

A tarihin cell ka'idar tsarin

Mutane ba su ko da yaushe san abin da shi kunshi kwayoyin. Gaskiyar cewa duk kyallen takarda suna kafa na sel ya zama sananne gwada da kwanan nan. A kimiyya da cewa karatu shi, - Biology. The salula tsarin da jiki da aka farko aka bayyana da masana kimiyya Matthias Schleiden da Theodor Schwann. Wannan ya faru a 1838. Sa'an nan da ka'idar salula tsarin hada da irin wannan guzurin:

• dabbobi da kuma shuke-shuke na iri daban-daban Kwayoyin suna kafa.

• suka girma ta kafa sabon Kwayoyin.

• cell - da karami naúrar na rayuwa;

• jiki - wani tarin Kwayoyin.

A zamani ka'idar hada da dama sauran kayan abinci, da kuma kadan more:

• tantanin halitta zai iya faruwa ne kawai daga masu juna biyu Kwayoyin.

• kwayar kwayoyin ba kunshi wani sauki sa na Kwayoyin kuma daga tattara ganimar Asusun nama, gabobin da kuma sashin jiki da tsarin.

• Kwayoyin na duk kwayoyin da irin wannan tsarin;

• cell - wani hadadden tsarin kunshi karami aikin raka'a;

• cell - mafi karami tsarin naúrar cewa za su iya aiki a matsayin mai zaman kanta.

sifar tantanin halitta

Tun da salon salula tsarin kusan duk masu rai, shi wajibi ne a yi la'akari da janar halaye na tsarin cewa kashi. Da fari dai, duk da Kwayoyin kasu kashi prokaryotic da eukaryotic. A baya can ne core cewa kare kwayoyin bayanai da aka adana a cikin DNA. A prokaryotic Kwayoyin, shi ne ba iri daya ba, kuma DNA gudãna, da yardar kaina. All eukaryotic Kwayoyin an gina kamar haka. Bã su da wani harsashi - da jini membrane, yawanci located a kusa da ƙarin m ilimi. Duk abin da ke cikinta, sai dai da kwaya - yana da cytoplasm. Ya kunshi hyaloplasm, da wasu gabbansa da inclusions. Hyaloplasm - shi ne babban crystalline abu, wanda yake ciki cell yanayi da kuma cika duk da sarari. Wasu gabbansa - wani m Tsarin cewa yin wasu ayyuka, watau samar da harshen damo na sel ... Inclusions - maras m ilimi, kuma taka rawa, amma suka yi haka dan lokaci.

The salula tsarin rayayyun kwayoyin halitta

Yanzu muna lissafa abubuwan da wasu gabbansa da suke da wannan don sel kõwace dabba a duniya, sai dai kwayoyin. Yana mitochondria, ribosomes, Golgi na'ura, endoplasmic reticulum, lysosomes, cytoskeleton. Domin da kwayoyin halayyar kawai daya daga cikinsu - ribosomes. Kuma yanzu dubi tsarin da kuma aiki na kowane organelle dabam.

mitochondria

Su samar da kwayuka numfashi. Mitochondria aiki a matsayin mai irin "ikon", samar da makamashi wanda wajibi ne ga cell aiki, to wuce shi ga waɗanda ko wasu sinadaran halayen. Su dvumembrannym wasu gabbansa, watau suna da biyu shrouds - kasashen waje da kuma na cikin gida. Kasa su ne a matrix - kama hyaloplasm a cikin cell. Tsakanin m da ciki membranes kafa cristae. Wannan naɗi ya a ciki wanda suke enzymes. Wadannan abubuwa ne da ake bukata domin ya sami damar gudanar da sinadaran halayen da wanda makamashi ne saki, da zama dole cell.

ribosomes

Su suke da alhakin gina jiki metabolism - wato, don kira na mahadi wannan aji. Ribosomes kunshi sassa biyu - subunits, ƙanana da manyan. A membrane a cikin wannan organelle da ya bace. Subunit na ribosomes hada kawai nan da nan kafin gina jiki kira tsari, suka rabu a cikin sauran lokaci. The abubuwa a nan ana sanya a kan tushen da bayanai a rubuce a kan DNA. Wannan bayani ya isa ga ribosomes amfani tRNA kamar kai a nan DNA kowane lokaci zai zama sosai impractical da kuma m - ya ma high zai iya lalacewa.

Golgi image

Wannan organelle da aka hada da stacks na lebur tankuna. Aiki organelle ta'allaka ne da cewa shi yake tattara da kuma modifies daban-daban abubuwa, kuma ya taimaka da samuwar lysosomes.

endoplasmic reticulum

An raba santsi da kuma m. Da farko gina daga lebur shambura. Shi ne ke da alhakin samar a cikin cell na steroids da lipids. Roughness ne don haka ya kira domin a kan garun da membranes, wanda shi ne hada, akwai da yawa ribosomes. Yana yi aikin sufuri da aiki. Wato yana canja wurin da ribosome sunadaran hada akwai, ga Golgi na'ura.

lysosomes

Su wakiltar odnomembrannye da wasu gabbansa da cewa dauke da enzymes zama dole ga aiwatar da sunadarai halayen da faruwa a lokacin kwayuka metabolism. The most yawan lysosomes lura a leucocytes - Kwayoyin cewa yin rigakafi aiki. Wannan bayani da cewa sun gudanar da wani phagocytosis da kuma tilasta nike da waje gina jiki, wanda bukatar babban adadin enzymes.

cytoskeleton

Wannan shi ne na karshe organelle, wanda shi ne kowa ya fungi, shuke-shuke da dabbobi. Daya daga cikin babban ayyuka ne don kula da cell siffar. An kafa na microtubules da microfilaments. Na farko shi ne wani m tube na tubulin gina jiki. Kasancewarsu a cikin cytoplasm wasu wasu gabbansa iya matsar kusa da keji. Bugu da kari, da microtubules kuma iya kunshi cilia da flagella na unicellular. Na biyu bangaren na cytoskeleton - microfilaments - kunshi contractile sunadaran actin da myosin. A kwayoyin cuta, wannan organelle ne yawanci ba a nan. Amma wasu daga cikinsu suna da halin da gaban da cytoskeleton, amma mafi m, shirya ba kamar yadda wuya kamar yadda a fungi, shuke-shuke da dabbobi.

Shuka kwayoyin halitta

The salula tsarin shuke-shuke yana da wasu peculiarities. Bayan sama da wasu gabbansa da vacuoles ne ma ba plastids. Tsohon ake nufi don jari a cikinta, daga abubuwa ciki har da ba dole ba, kamar yadda suka janye daga cell saboda da gaban m membrane bango a kusa da sau da yawa m. The ruwa wanda yake ciki da vacuole, kira cell sap. A matasa shuka Kwayoyin farko da 'yan kananan vacuoles, wanda, kamar yadda ta tsufa ci a cikin daya babban daya. Plastids kasu kashi uku iri: chromoplasts, leucoplasts da chromoplasts. Tsohon halin gaban ja, rawaya ko orange pigment. Chromoplasts a mafi yawan lokuta bukatar jawo hankalin mai haske launi kwaro hure ko dabbobi da cewa suna da hannu a cikin baza na 'ya'yan itace da iri. Shi ne da godiya ga bayanan da wasu gabbansa da furanni da kuma 'ya'yan itatuwa da launuka iri-iri. Chromoplasts za a iya kafa daga chloroplast, wanda za a iya lura a cikin kaka, lokacin da ganye fatsifatsi kuma ja inuwõyinta suna kusa, kazalika a lokacin ripening 'ya'yan itatuwa, a lokacin da hankali vuya gaba daya kore. Next view plastids - leucoplasts - yi nufi ga adanar abubuwa irin sitaci, fats da kuma wasu sunadarai. Chloroplast kwashe photosynthesis aiwatar da abin da shuke-shuke samu wa kansu da zama dole kwayoyin abubuwa. Na shida kwayoyin na carbon dioxide da ruwa kamar yadda mutane da yawa cell iya samun daya kwayoyin na glucose da shida oxygen, wanda aka saki a cikin yanayi. Chloroplast ne da wasu gabbansa dvumembrannymi. A cikin matrix ƙunshi thylakoids, harhada a cikin Grand Prix. A cikin wadannan gine-ginen, kuma shi ya ƙunshi chlorophyll, a nan ke da dauki na photosynthesis. Bugu da ƙari kuma, a cikin matrix ne ma su chloroplast ribosomes, RNA, DNA, musamman enzymes, da sitaci hatsi da kuma sia droplets. Matrix data wasu gabbansa ma kira stroma.

Features namomin kaza

Salula tsarin ne ma wadannan kwayoyin. A zamanin da, suka hade a daya mulki tare da tsire-tsire zalla da alãmarsu, amma tare da zuwan mafi m kimiyya gano cewa wannan ba za a iya yi. Da fari dai, namomin kaza, sabanin shuke-shuke, ba autotrophs, ba za su iya da kansu, don samar da kwayoyin halitta, da kuma kawai ci shirye-sanya. Abu na biyu, da fungal Kwayoyin mafi kama da dabba, ko da yake yana da wasu siffofin da shuka. Fungal Kwayoyin, kazalika da shuke-shuke, kewaye da wani m bango, duk da haka shi ba ya kunshi cellulose, kuma chitin. Wannan abu ne da wuya zuwa nike dabba jiki, don haka namomin kaza kuma suna dauke nauyi abinci. Bugu da kari ga wasu gabbansa aka bayyana a sama, da su ne ga kowa da kowa eukaryotes, akwai kuma wani vacuole - wannan shi ne wani kwatankwacinsa na fungi da shuke-shuke. Amma tsarin da plastids a fungal cell da aka kiyaye. Tsakanin bango da cytoplasmic membrane ne lomasoma, wanda ayyuka ba tukuna aka cikakken gane. Sauran tsarin fungal cell kama wani dabba. Bugu da ƙari kuma wasu gabbansa a cytoplasm kamar hada taso kan ruwa kamar kitse droplets, glycogen.

dabba Kwayoyin

Suna halin duk wasu gabbansa da aka bayyana a baya a wannan labarin. Bugu da ƙari kuma, a saman jini membrane ne glycocalyx - wani harsashi ya kunshi lipids, polysaccharides da glycoproteins. An hannu a cikin kai da abubuwa tsakanin sel.

core

Hakika, a Bugu da kari zuwa janar wasu gabbansa, dabba, inji, fungal Kwayoyin da tsakiya. Yana ana kiyaye shi ta biyu bawo, wanda da pores. A matrix kunshi karyoplasm (nukiliya sap), cikinsa da taso kan ruwa chromosome ya rubuta hereditary bayanai. Har ila yau, akwai da nucleolus, wanda ke da alhakin samuwar ribosomes da RNA kira.

prokaryotes

Wadannan sun hada da kwayoyin. The salula tsarin kwayoyin ne mafi m. Bã su da wani tsakiya. A cytoplasm ƙunshi wasu gabbansa kamar ribosomes. Around da jini membrane ne cell bango na murein. Mai prokaryotes aka bayar da wasu gabbansa motsi - kagaggun flagella. mucous kwantena - ƙarin dakile iya positioned a kusa da cell bango kamar yadda kyau. Bayan da asali DNA din a cikin cytoplasm da kwayoyin cuta ne plasmids da bayanin da aka rubuta, shi ne alhakin da ya karu da juriya ga m yanayi.

Kada duk kwayoyin suna gina daga Kwayoyin?

Wasu yi imani da cewa salon salula tsarin dukkan halittu da shi. Amma wannan ba gaskiya ba ne. Akwai mulkin rayayyun kwayoyin halitta kamar ƙwayoyin cuta. Ba su kunshi Kwayoyin. Wannan kwayoyin yana dauke da capsid - gina jiki da harsashi. Ciki shi ne wani DNA ko RNA, wanda aka rubuta a kananan adadin kwayoyin bayanai. Around da furotin Shell shi yiwuwa ma a located lipoprotein kira superkapsidom. Ƙwayoyin cuta iya ninka kawai a ciki da waje Kwayoyin. Bugu da ƙari, za su iya crystallization. Kamar yadda ka gani, da kage da cewa salon salula tsarin dukkanin rayayyun halittu ne ba daidai ba.

kwatanta tebur

Da zarar mun duba tsarin da daban-daban kwayoyin zuwa takaita. Saboda haka, salon salula tsarin, da tebur:

A nan, watakila, da kuma duk. Mun yi nazarin salon salula tsarin kwayoyin cewa wanzu a duniya.