Mene ne tsarin tarayya? Tara yawan kwayoyin halitta

Tambayoyi game da abin da Jihar tari, abin da siffofi da kaddarorin ake daskararru, taya da gas an rufe a da dama horo. Akwai uku na gargajiya jihohin al'amarin, tare da halayyar tsarin fasali. Su fahimtar ne wani muhimmin batu a fahimtar Duniya Sciences, rayayyun kwayoyin halitta, samar da ayyukan. Wadannan al'amurran da suka shafi karatu kimiyyar lissafi, sunadarai, labarin kasa, a fannin binciken kasa, jiki sunadarai da sauran kimiyya tarbiyya. The abubuwa ne, a karkashin wani yanayi, a daya daga uku na asali iri jihohin za a iya canza ta kara ko ragewa da yawan zafin jiki, matsa lamba. Ka yi la'akari da zai yiwu a mulki daga wanda jiha zuwa wani matsayin da suka faruwa a yanayi, art da kuma rayuwar yau da kullum.

Mene ne jiki jihar?

Word of Latin asalin "aggrego" fassara a cikin Rasha nufin "don hašawa." Kimiyya lokaci yana nufin a jihar da wannan jiki abu. A zama na karkashin wasu dabi'u na zafin jiki da kuma matsa lamba daban-daban da daskararru, gas da kuma taya shi ne hankula ga duk bawo na Duniya. Bugu da kari ga uku na asali jihohin tari, akwai kuma a karo na hudu. A dagagge zafin jiki da kuma a gaba da matsa lamba gas ne tuba zuwa cikin jini. Don fi gane abin Jihar tari, shi wajibi ne don tunawa da mafi kankantar kwayar barbashi cewa yin up al'amarin da jiki.

A cikin zane sama nuna: a - gas. b - wani ruwa; tare da - m. A wadannan Figures da da'irori suna alama tsarin abubuwa abubuwa. Wannan alama ce, a gaskiya, sunadaran, kwayoyin, ions ba m bukukuwa. Sunadaran hada da gaskiya ma cajin core a kusa da motsi a gudun barnatar da cajin electrons. Ilimi na microscopic tsarin da kayan don taimaka muku mafi alhẽri fahimtar banbancin dake tsakanin daban-daban tara siffofin.

Ideas game da microworld: daga zamanin d Girka da XVII karni

A farko bayani game da barbashi, na da jiki na zahiri folded, ya bayyana a zamanin tsohuwar Girka. Manazarta Demokrit da Epicure gabatar da wani ra'ayi, kamar zarra. Sun yi imani da cewa mafi karami basa barbashi daban-daban abubuwa sun mai siffar ayyana size, iya motsi da kuma hulda da juna. Atomism ya fi ci-gaba domin da lokaci, koyarwar zamanin tsohuwar Girka. Amma ta ci gaba da stalled a tsakiyar shekaru daban-daban. Tun daga nan masana kimiyya runtumi Inquisition na Roman Katolika. Saboda haka, sai zamani babu wani bayyanannen-yanke manufar abin Jihar al'amari. Kawai bayan da XVII karni masana kimiyya Robert Boyle, M. Lomonosov, D. Dalton, Lavoisier tsara da atomic-kwayoyin ka'idar, ba rasa su munasaba a yau.

Kwayoyin halitta, kwayoyin, ions - microscopic barbashi al'amarin tsarin

Wata babbar nasara cikin fahimtar takaice faru a cikin XX karni, a lokacin da na'urar hange da aka ƙirƙira. A ra'ayi na binciken sanya da masana kimiyya kafin, gudanar ya kwanta a jiwuwa hoto na microworld. A ka'idar cewa ya bayyana yanayin da hali na karami barbashi al'amari, wajen hadaddun, sun kasance a cikin filin na jimla kimiyyar lissafi. Domin fahimtar daban-daban tara jihohin al'amari isa ya san sunayen da tsarin fasali na asali barbashi cewa samar daban-daban abubuwa.

1. Kwayoyin halitta - chemically basa barbashi. Adana a sinadaran halayen, amma an hallaka a nukiliya. Karafa da yawa wasu kayan na atomic tsarin ne m tara jihar a karkashin al'ada yanayi.
2. Kwayoyin - barbashi wanda aka kafa da kuma hallaka a sinadaran halayen. A kwayoyin tsarin ne oxygen, da ruwa, da carbon dioxide, sulfur. Jiki Jihar oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur dioxide, carbon, oxygen, a karkashin al'ada yanayi - gaseous.
3. Ions - da cajin gaɓũɓuwa, wanda ake tuba a cikin kwayoyin zarra da kwayoyin da cewa suna a haɗe ko rasa electrons - microscopic barnatar caje barbashi. Ionic tsarin da yawa gishiri, kamar sodium, da baƙin ƙarfe, da jan karfe sulfate.

Duk wani abu, wanda barbashi an shirya a wani hanya a sarari. A ba da umarnin zumunta matsayi na kwayoyin halitta, ions, kwayoyin kira raga. Yawanci, ionic da atomic lattices halin for daskararru, kwayoyin - domin taya da gas. High taurin lu'u-lu'u ne daban-daban. Its atomic crystalline raga kafa ta carbon atoms. Amma taushi graphite kuma kunshi sunadaran da wani sinadari. da suke yi fãce daban rarraba a sarari. Average tara jihar sulfur - m, amma a high yanayin zafi, da abu ya jũya a cikin wani ruwa da kuma amorphous taro.

Abu a cikin m jihar

A daskararru karkashin al'ada yanayi adana girma da kuma siffar. Alal misali, hatsi, hatsi da sugar, gishiri, wani yanki na dutse ko karfe. Idan ka zafi da sugar, da abu fara narke, juya cikin wani danko sosai ruwan kasa ruwa. Tsaya dumama - baya ba wani m. Saboda haka daya daga cikin manyan yanayi na m jiki ga ruwa mika mulki - dumama shi, ko kiwon da ciki makamashi na barbashi kwayoyin halitta. M jihar gishiri, wanda aka yi amfani da abinci, kuma zai iya canja. Amma domin ya narke cikin sodium chloride, bukatar wani babbar zazzabi fiye da ta dumama sugar. Gaskiyar cewa sugar aka hada da kwayoyin, da kuma gishiri - na cajin ions, wanda ake karfi janyo hankalin juna. A daskararru kada ku riƙe su siffar a cikin ruwa tsari, saboda crystal lattices hallaka.

Liquid jihar ta dab gishiri ne saboda katsewa sadarwa tsakanin ions a cikin lu'ulu'u. Rashin sumansa caje barbashi cewa zai iya kawo lantarki zargin. zubi salts gudanar da wutar lantarki, su ne conductors. A cikin sinadaran, metallurgical da aikin injiniya masana'antu daskararru an tuba a cikin ruwa ga daya daga cikin labari mahadi ko goya daban-daban siffofi. Akwai tartsatsi amfani daga karfe gami. Akwai hanyoyi da dama na yin hannu da canje-canje Jihar tari na m raw kayan.

Liquid - daya daga cikin muhimman jihohin tari

Lokacin zuba a cikin wani zagaye kasa flask tare da 50 ml na ruwa, shi za a iya gani cewa kayan za su samar da nan da nan sinadaran matattarã ba. Amma da zaran mun zube ruwa daga flask, da ruwa nan da nan za a yada a farfajiya na tebur. A girma daga ruwa zai zama guda - 50 ml, da kuma siffar zai canza. Wadannan su ne siffofin halayyar da ruwa nau'i na wanzuwar kwayoyin halitta. Taya su da yawa Organic abubuwa: alcohols, kayan lambu mai, acid.

Milk - .. An emulsion, watau, ruwa a cikin abin da kitsen droplets ake samu. Amfani ruwa m - man fetur. Cire shi daga cikin rijiyoyin da man jihar Kano a kan qasa da teku. Sea ruwa ne kuma albarkatun kasa domin masana'antu. Ya bambanta daga sabo ruwa tabkuna da koguna ne a ci gaba da narkar da abubuwa, yafi salts. Tare da surface danshin tafkunan a cikin tururi jihar Saide kawai curin kwayoyin halittu na H ₂ Ya, solutes kasance. A wannan dukiya tushen hanyoyin samun gina jiki daga seawater da kuma yadda za a tsaftace shi.

Lokacin da cikakken kau na salts amfani da distilled ruwa. Tafasa a 100 ° C da kuma freezes a 0 ° C. Brines tafasa da kuma juya zuwa kankara a wasu zazzabi Manuniya. Alal misali, ruwa a cikin Arctic Ocean freezes a zazzabi a kan surface 2 ° C.

Jiki jihar Mercury karkashin al'ada yanayi - m. Wannan azurfa-m karfe ana cike da likita ma'aunin zafi da sanyio. Lokacin da mai tsanani, da Mercury yakan a kan sikelin, akwai wani fadada wakili. Me ya sa a titi thermometers amfani canza launin tare da ja Paint barasa maimakon Mercury? Wannan bayani da kaddarorin ruwa karfe. Lokacin da 30-mataki sanyi tara jihar canjãwa Mercury, wani abu zama m.

Idan likita ma'aunin zafi da sanyio m da kuma zuba da Mercury, da azurfa da bukukuwa da tattara makamai m. Cutarwa ga zukar Mercury tururi, shi ne mai matukar mai guba abu. Yara a irin haka ya zama dole su nemi taimako daga iyaye, manya.

gaseous jihar

Gaza ba zai iya kula da ko girma, ko siffar. Cika da flask har zuwa saman oxygen (ta sinadaran dabara Yã _2). Da zaran mun bude flask, kwayoyin da abu za a gauraye da iska a cikin dakin. Wannan shi ne saboda Brownian motsi. A zamanin d Girkanci masanin kimiyya Democritus yi imani da cewa al'amarin barbashi ne a akai motsi. A daskararru karkashin al'ada yanayi, kwayoyin halitta, kwayoyin, ions, babu wani yiwuwar barin crystal raga, free daga dangantaka tare da sauran barbashi. Wannan shi ne zai yiwu ne kawai a lokacin da wani babban adadin makamashi daga waje.

A taya, da nisa tsakanin barbashi ne dan kadan ya fi girma fiye da daskararru, suka bukatar kasa da makamashi da karya da intermolecular shaidu. Ga misali, da ruwa tara Jihar oxygen aka lura kawai a ƙananan gas zafin jiki zuwa -183 ° C. A -223 ° C Yã ₂ kwayoyin samar da wata m. Lokacin da yawan zafin jiki lẽƙãwa a kan dabi'u ba oxygen jũya a cikin wani gas. A wannan tsari shi ne a karkashin al'ada yanayi. A masana'antu da wuraren da musamman shigarwa na raba iska yanayi da kuma samun gare nitrogen da oxygen. Na farko, da iska ke sanyaya kuma liquefied, sa'an nan a hankali kara da yawan zafin jiki. Nitrogen da oxygen ana tuba zuwa gas a yanayi daban-daban.

A yanayin duniya ya ƙunshi 21% na da kundinta da oxygen da kuma 78% nitrogen. A cikin ruwa tsari, wadannan abubuwa ba su samu a cikin gaseous ambulan na duniya. Liquid oxygen yana da wani haske-blue color, shi ne ya cika da babban matsin cylinders don amfani a likitanci wurare. A masana'antu da kuma yi, liquefied gas da ake bukata domin haka mutane da yawa matakai. Oxygen da ake bukata domin gas waldi da kuma yankan karafa, Chemistry - for inorganic da kwayoyin halitta hadawan abu da iskar shaka halayen. Idan oxygen Silinda bawul bude, da matsa lamba da aka rage, da ruwa ya jũya a cikin iskar gas.

Liquefied propane, methane da butane suna yadu amfani da makamashi, sufuri, masana'antu da kuma m ayyuka na yawan jama'a. Samun wadannan abubuwa daga iskar gas ko fatattaka (tsagawa) na man fetur feedstock. Carbon ruwa da gaseous cakuda taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin tattalin arzikin na kasashen da dama. Amma man fetur da kuma iskar gas reserves an mai tsanani tsautsayi. Masana kimiyya sun} iyasta cewa wannan abu zai šauki 100-120 shekaru. Alternative makamashi Madogararsa - da iska ya kwarara (iska). Amfani ga ikon shuke-shuke da sauri suna gudãna ƙarƙashinsu, tides a kan gaba na tekuna da kuma tekuna.

Oxygen, kazalika da sauran gas iya zama ba a karo na hudu tara jihar, dake wakiltar wani jini. M miƙa mulki daga m zuwa gaseous jihar - halayyar alama na crystalline aidin. The abu ne mai zurfi purple launi ne hõre sublimation - jũya zuwa gas, bypassing da ruwa a jihar.

Kamar yadda a mulki daga wanda tara zuwa wani nau'i na al'amarin?

Canje-canje a cikin tara jihar na abubuwa ba su da alaka da sinadaran rikirkida, wannan jiki sabon abu. Lokacin da yawan zafin jiki ta fito, da yawa daskararru narke a cikin wani ruwa. Bugu da ari karuwa a yawan zafin jiki na iya haifar da danshin, watau zuwa gaseous Jihar al'amari. A yanayi da tattalin arziki, da irin wannan mulki, su ne halayyar daya daga cikin mafi muhimmanci abubuwa a duniya. Kankara, ruwa, tururi, - a jihar ruwa a daban-daban yanayin. Fili ne guda, ta dabara - H ₂ O. A zazzabi of 0 ° C da ke ƙasa wannan ruwa crystallizes, cewa an tuba a cikin kankara. Kamar yadda da yawan zafin jiki ƙaruwa sa lu'ulu'u an hallaka - da kankara ya narke, da ruwa ruwa ne a sake samu. Kafa yayin da dumama da tururi. Danshin - canji na ruwa a cikin gas - shi ne ko da a low yanayin zafi. Alal misali, daskararre puddles hankali bace, domin da ruwa evaporates. Ko da a cikin sanyi weather ta kafe rigar tufafi, amma tsari ne fiye da a kan wani zafi rana.

Dukkan wadannan ruwa miƙa mulki daga wanda jiha zuwa wani muhimmanci ga yanayin duniya. Yanayi yanayi, da sauyin yanayi da kuma yanayin alaka da danshin ruwa daga teku surface, da canja wurin da danshi a cikin nau'i na girgije, da hazo a ƙasa, hazo (ruwan sama, snow, ƙanƙara). Wadannan mamaki suna da tushen da duniya ta ruwa sake zagayowar.

Yadda za a canza jihar na tari na sulfur?

Karkashin al'ada yanayi, sulfur - mai haske m lu'ulu'u ko hasken rawaya foda, m. E. Shi ne m. Jiki jihar sulfur canje-canje a lokacin tsanani da. Da farko, da zazzabi da aka tashe zuwa 190 ° C rawaya abu melts, juya cikin wani mobile ruwa.

Idan da sauri zuba ruwa sulfur a cikin ruwan sanyi, shi dai ruwan kasa amorphous taro. Bayan kara dumama na zubi sulfur zama mafi danko sosai duhu. A yanayin zafi sama da 300 ° C sulfur tara jihar canje-canje a sake, da abu yakan mallaki kadarori na wani ruwa, ta zama mobile. Wadannan mi ne saboda da ikon na memba atoms kafa sarƙoƙi na daban-daban tsawo.

Me al'amari na iya zama daban-daban a jiki jihohi?

Jiki jihar sulfur - sauki abu - shi ne m at na yanayi yanayi. Sulfur dioxide - gas, sulfuric acid - wani m ruwa shi ne mafi tsananin fiye da ruwa. Ba kamar hydrochloric da nitric acid ne ba maras tabbas, ta surface ba ƙafe kwayoyin. Mene ne jihar tari na wani roba sulfur, wanda aka samu da dumama da lu'ulu'u ne?

A amorphous fom yana da wani tsarin da ruwa abu, da ciwon low fluidity. Amma roba sulfur a lokaci guda rike da siffar (as m). Akwai ruwa lu'ulu'u, mallaka wani yawan halayyar Properties na daskararru. Saboda haka, jihar da abu a karkashin yanayi daban-daban dogara a kan halittarsa, da yawan zafin jiki, matsa lamba da kuma sauran muhalli da yanayi.

Mene ne siffofin a cikin tsarin da daskararru?

Da bambance-bambance tsakanin asali tara jihohin al'amarin an bayyana ta da hulda tsakanin kwayoyin halitta, ions da kwayoyin. Alal misali, me ya sa a m jihar kwayoyin halitta take kaiwa zuwa da ikon ya kula da jiki size da kuma siffar? A crystal raga na karfe gishiri ko tsarin barbashi an janyo hankalin juna. A karafa, lallai cajin ions hulɗa tare da abin da ake kira "electron gas" - jari na free electrons a karfe yanki. Lu'ulu'u da salts ne saboda da janye oppositely caje barbashi - ions. A nisa tsakanin tsarin raka'a na sama daskararru ne da yawa kasa da girma daga cikin barbashi kansu. A wannan yanayin, da electrostatic janye ayyukan, shi yake koyar da ƙarfi, da tunkuxe ba da isasshen ƙarfi.

Don halakar da m jihar na al'amarin, dole ne mu yi wani kokarin. Metals salts, da atomic lu'ulu'u narke a yanayi mai karfi. Ga misali, da baƙin ƙarfe zama ruwa a yanayin zafi sama da 1538 ° C. Tsaurin ne tungsten, an yi shi da filament ga haske kwararan fitila. Akwai gami da zama ruwa a yanayin zafi sama da 3000 ° C. Mutane da yawa kankara da kuma ma'adanai a duniya ne a cikin m jihar. Wannan raw abu ne cirewa da taimakon fasaha a mahakar da quarries.

Yaga ko da guda ion na crystal wajibi ne don ciyar yawa makamashi. Amma shi ne isa ta soke da gishiri a cikin ruwa zuwa ga crystal raga da aka karya up! Wannan sabon abu ne saboda da ban mamaki Properties na ruwa a matsayin iyakacin duniya da sauran ƙarfi. H ₂ Ya kwayoyin amsa tare da gishiri ions, lalata dangantakar dake tsakanin su. Saboda haka, aka rushe - ba sauki hadawa da daban-daban abubuwa, da kuma ta jiki-sinadaran hulda tsakanin su.

Yadda za a yi mu'amala tare da kwayoyin na taya?

Ruwa na iya zama wani ruwa, m da kuma iskar gas (tururi). Wannan shi ne ta babban tara jihar a karkashin al'ada yanayi. The ruwa kwayoyin an hada da daya oxygen zarra, wanda ake dangantawa da biyu hydrogen atoms. Akwai rabuwa da sunadarai shaidu a cikin DNA, to bayyana oxygen atoms m korau cajin. Hydrogen zama tabbatacce iyakacin duniya a cikin DNA, shi ne janyo hankalin da wani oxygen zarra na wani sunadarin. Wannan shi ne raunana hulda da aka kira "da hydrogen bond".

Liquid tara jihar halin da nisa tsakanin tsarin barbashi m size. A janye wanzu, amma shi ne mai rauni, don haka ruwan bai riƙe siffar. Vaporization auku saboda halakar shaidu, wanda shi ne a kan ruwa surface ko a dakin da zazzabi.

Shin akwai intermolecular interactions a gas?

mai yawan sigogi gaseous Jihar al'amari rarrabe daga cikin m da kuma ruwa. Tsakanin tsarin barbashi gas, akwai manyan gibba, yanzu wucewa girman kwayoyin. A wannan yanayin, da karfi na janye ba ya aiki. A gaseous Jihar tari halayyar abubuwa ba a cikin abun da ke ciki na iska: nitrogen, oxygen, carbon dioxide. A adadi a kasa na farko shigen sukari cika da gas, na biyu ruwa, da kuma na uku - a m abu.

Mutane da yawa da taya ne maras tabbas, ware daga surface da kuma shiga cikin iska kwayoyin abu. Alal misali, idan rami bude kwalabe da hydrochloric acid don kawo auduga ulu soaked a cikin ruwa ammonia, cewa ya bayyana farin hayaki. Kai tsaye a cikin iska ya haddasa wani sinadaran dauki tsakanin hydrochloric acid da kuma ammonia, ammonium chloride da aka samu. A wadda Jihar tari ne wannan kaya? Its barbashi kafa fari hayaki, su ne mafi karami m gishiri lu'ulu'u. Wannan kwarewa kamata a da za'ayi a karkashin kaho, shi ne mai guba.

ƙarshe

Jiki jihar gas karatu da yawa fice lissafin kimiyya da chemists: Avogadro ta lambar, Boyle, Gay-Lussac, Clapeyron, Mendeleyev, Le Chatelier. Masana kimiyya tsara dokokin da bayyana hali na gaseous abubuwa a sinadaran dauki, kamar yadda yanayin canji. Open dokokin ba kawai ya shiga makaranta da kuma jami'a litattafan kimiyyar lissafi da kuma sunadarai. Mutane da yawa sinadaran samarwa a kan ilmi na hali da kuma kaddarorin abubuwa daban-daban a tara jihohi.