OIL: tsarin, tarihi, da yin amfani da

Man - daya daga cikin wakilan da aji na ruwa albarkatun ma'adinai (a Bugu da kari ga mata shi ya hada da ko da artesian ruwa). Yana samu da sunan da daga Persian "man fetur." Tare da ozocerite da iskar gas da ya ƙunshi wani rukuni na ma'adanai kira petrolytes.

Mene ne OIL ta fuskar Lissafi da Chemistry

Yana m, m abu, launi da kuma yawa daga wanda dabam dangane da wurin samar. Yana iya zama mai haske kore ko ceri ja, yellow, launin ruwan kasa, baki, da kuma a rare lokuta - colorless. A fluidity na man ma dabam ƙwarai: daya ne cikin ruwa, sauran - mai danko sosai. Amma a na kowa da juna don haka daban-daban a cikin jiki Properties na abu, don haka shi ne su sinadaran abun da ke ciki, wanda ko da yaushe wani hadadden cakuda hydrocarbons. Ga sauran kaddarorin dace impurities - sulfur, nitrogen da sauran mahadi daga wanda wari dogara, yafi a gaban aromatic hydrocarbons da sulfur mahadi.

Sunan babban bangaren man fetur - "hydrocarbons" iyakarsa tattaunawa game da abun da ke ciki. Wannan abu, kunsha na carbon da hydrogen atoms, wanda janar dabara aka rubuta a matsayin CxHy. A sauki wakilin wannan jerin ne methane CH4, ba a kowane man fetur.

A na farko abun da ke ciki na da talakawan man fetur za a iya wakilta a matsayin mai yawan kamar haka:

• 84% carbon
• 14% hydrogen
• 1-3% sulfur
• <1% oxygen
• <1% karfe
• <1% gishiri

Fasali na aukuwa mai da iskar gas

Man fetur da kuma iskar gas yawanci sahabbansa, da cewa shi ne, suna tare ne, amma wannan shi ne kawai gaskiya zuwa zurfin daga 1 zuwa 6 kilomita. Mafi yawa daga cikin filayen ne a cikin wannan fanni, da hade da man fetur da kuma iskar gas ne daban-daban. Idan zurfin ne kasa da wata kilometer, akwai daya mai, da kuma fiye da 6 kilomita - kawai gas.

Tafki inda man da aka samu, da ake kira haraji. Wannan yawanci porous dutse wanda za a iya kwatanta shi da wuya soso da tara da kuma riko da mai, iskar gas, da kuma sauran m ruwaye (msl, ruwa). Wani da ake bukata kafun ne gaban taru na mai-tafki murfi wanda ya hana m motsi na ruwa saboda wanda karshen da aka kulle a cikin tarko. Geologists duba ga irin tarkuna, wanda sai an kira filayen, amma shi ne ba quite dama sunan. Saboda man fetur da kuma iskar gas ya samo asali yawa ƙananan a yadudduka a karkashin babban matsin. A babba yadudduka da suka zo daga gaskiyar cewa, a matsayin wani haske ruwaye ayan sama. Su zahiri Firaministan zuwa surface.

Inda kuma a lõkacin OIL Siliki

Don gane da ginshikai na samuwar mai, kana bukatar ka tunani tafiya da baya da miliyoyin shekaru da suka wuce. Bisa ga biogenic ka'idar (aka - ka'idar kwayoyin asalin), dating daga Carboniferous lokaci (miliyan 350 shekaru BC), kuma har tsakiyar Paleogene (50 shekaru miliyan BC.), Wurare da dama a yankunan da m ruwan sama conglomerations kwayoyin saura rayuwa - hallaka cikin kananan kwayoyin halitta da kuma algae sun auku zuwa kasa, kafa kasa yadudduka organics. Very sannu a hankali, da yadudduka da aka rufe wasu, inorganic - sediments na yashi, misali, da kuma fadi ƙananan kuma m. Matsa lamba ta ƙara rufe yadudduka ƙarfafa, da damar da oxygen zuwa organics ya ba. A cikin duhu a ƙarƙashin rinjayar matsa lamba da kuma yawan zafin jiki a cikin canji ya rage sauki hydrocarbons, wasu daga wanda ya zama gaseous part - ruwa da kuma m.

Da zarar da ruwaye da aka bai wa damar tserewa daga iyayentaka samuwar, suka ruga zuwa, muddin ba fada cikin tarkon. Duk da haka, Yunƙurin ne ma lokacin cinyewa. A tarkuna ruwaye yawanci ana rarraba kamar haka: a saman gas, sa'an nan mai, da kuma a kasa - ruwa. Wannan shi ne saboda da yawa daga kowane daga cikinsu. Idan hanya ba ruwa-m tafki ci karo da, da suka bayyana a kan surface, inda su ne halakar da watsi. Halitta mai seeps zuwa surface ne yawanci tabkuna m semiliquid Malta da kwalta, ko kuma shi impregnates da yashi, kafa da ake kira mai Sands.

Tarihin 'yan adam na man fetur

mai fitarwa a kan surface iya ba amma jawo hankalin hankalin tsoho mutum. A farkon matakai na Dating ne kusan babu bayani, amma a cikin tsawon kyau-ɓullo da mai al'ada kayan amfani a yi - wannan yana nuna data daga Iraki, wanda samu shaidar da yin amfani da man fetur don kare gidajensu daga zafi. A Misira, ya gano combustibility na man fetur, da kuma shi aka yi amfani da lighting. Bugu da kari, shi ya samu aikace-aikace a mummification da kuma matsayin sealant ga jiragen.

Da yake rare, mai ya zama mai muhimmanci da kayayyaki a zamanin da: Babilawa ciniki da shi a gabas ta tsakiya. An zaci cewa wannan ciniki ya generated da yawa a garuruwa da kauyuka. Shi ne kuma zai yiwu cewa mai amfani a cikin halittar daya daga cikin shahararrun "Ban Mamaki na Duniya" - Rataye, gidãjen Aljanna na Babila. Akwai shi da amfani a matsayin sealant, ba ruwa permeable.

The Sin kasance na farko da wanda bai gamsu da marẽmari kai surface. Suka ƙãga hakowa, ta amfani da m bamboo mai tushe da karfe "ruwan kasa" a karshen. A farko, an neman gishiri kafofin for gishiri samarwa, amma sai suka samu man fetur da kuma iskar gas. Tare da karshen su evaporated gishiri - cinna wuta da shi. A kan yin amfani da man fetur a kasar Sin a wancan lokaci ba data.

Wata hanyar amfani da tsofaffin man da aka bi ta fata cututtuka. Game da yi a tsakanin mazauna Absheron Larabawa ya ce a cikin bayanin kula Marco Polo.

Farko mai a Rasha an ambaci kawai a cikin XV karni. Masana tarihi sun samu nassoshi da danyen mai taro a kan Ukhta kogin inda shi Forms wani fim a kan surface na ruwa. Akwai ta tattara, da kuma sanya shi wani magani ko wani haske Madogararsa - yawanci shi ne mai lura ga jiniya.

Wani sabon aikace-aikace na man fetur da aka samu kawai a cikin XIX karni, a lokacin da kananzir fitilar aka ƙirƙira. An ci gaba da Yaren mutanen Poland sunadarai Ignatiy Lukasevich. Yana yiwuwa cewa shi ne ma da ya kirkiro Hanyar hakar man kananzir da man fetur. A kawai 'yan shekaru kafin Canadian Ibrahim Gesner ƙirƙira hanya domin samar da kananzir daga ci, amma samun daga mai juya a kira su da riba.

Kananzir da aka yi amfani da baje ga lighting, don haka da bukatar da aka girma kullum. Saboda haka ya zama dole su yanke shawara da tambaya ta samar. A farkon da masana'antun man fetur da aka qaddamar a 1847 a Baku, inda na farko da aka fadi na sukar, wanda ya ba da man fetur. To nan ya zama sosai cewa Baku da aka kira Black City.

Kuma waɗanda rijiyoyin da aka fadi na sukar da hannu har yanzu. The sosai farko da ya fadi na sukar da wani tururi engine, an kore wani hakowa na'ura, kuma ya bayyana a Rasha a 1864 a cikin Kuban yankin. Bayan shekaru biyu, a kan Kudakinskom filin gama da inji hakowa na daya da kyau.

A duniya na farkon na masana'antu mai samar da aka qaddamar a shekarar 1859, da Edwin Drake ya fadi na sukar farko na wanda a Amurka a kan Agusta 27 wannan shekara an mai kyau - shi yana mai zurfin 21.2 mita da kuma aka located a garin Taytusvil a Pennsylvania, inda kafin hakowa daga artesian rijiyoyin sau da yawa samu man fetur.

Mai hakowa cin zarafi ba rage farashin man fetur ya haifar da gaskiyar cewa a cikin wani gajeren lokaci, wannan samfurin ya zama da muhimmanci ga zamani na kasar. A daidai wannan lokaci shi ne farkon da masana'antun man fetur.

Aikace-aikace na OIL

A halin yanzu ba mu yi amfani da man fetur a cikin m form. Duk da haka, akwai mutane da yawa sarrafa kayayyakin da suke da muhimmanci ga duniya. Bayan na farko biyar jũya barasan habaka:

• jirgin sama da kuma mota da fetur
• kananzir
• propellant
• da man dizal
• gas
• man fetur da man fetur

A sulusi da murabba'i na man fetur da man - tushen duk da haka wani jerin kara barasan na kayayyakin:

• bitumen
• paraffin
• mai
• man fetur da man fetur

A kara rabo daga bitumen - Hada da shi tare da tsakuwa da yashi, don samar da kwalta. Wani mai samfurin wanda kuma amfani da hanya ayyukansu - a sludge, wanda shi ne mai tattara man sharan bayan barasan. Wani saura, man fetur coke, amfani a yi na ferroalloys da wayoyin.

Chemical masana'antu yana amfani da sauki hydrocarbons a matsayin feedstock ga halayen da gyara mahadi dabara. A sakamakon haka ne roba, roba, masana'anta, takin, dyes, polyethylene kuma propylene, kazalika da yawa iyali da magunguna.

source http://promdevelop.ru/