Papin, Denis - m baiwa

Game da shi sau da yawa rubuta cewa ya aka haife ma farkon - a lokacin da addini yaƙe-yaƙe na canji, ya kasance ba a kotu. Ya bayyana ga haske a kalla a bayan shekara ɗari - ya talanti da makamashi zai kawo mafi amfani ga ci gaba da juyin juya halin masana'antu.

Amma zai zo ba tare da mutane kamar Papen? Denis - mutumin da ya sanya ƙarshen XVII karni hanzarta ci gaban fasaha da yawa fiye da mafi.

Likita-juya-likita

Ya haifuwa ya kasance wani karamin gari Shiten dake kusa Blois - Cibiyar Loir-da-Cher. Mahaifinsa - mai sarauta shawara Denis Papin (Denis samu sunansa). Haife gaba masanin kimiyya ba daidai aka sani, amma daya cewa an nuna a cikin tarihin rayuwa - Agusta 22, 1647 - ranar da baftisma. Addini Papen iyali mallakar Huguenots - Faransa reshe na Protestantism.

Wanda ya zama da aka sani da ya shahara Faransa likita Denis Papin samu ba-core ilimi. A mahaifiyata ta iyali - Madlen Pino - duk al'ada namiji zama likitoci, da kuma farinsa ɗa, ta ne don samun likita ilimi. Bayan kammala karatu daga Jesuit makaranta a 1661 sai ya fara nazarin kiwon lafiya da harkokin, a Jami'ar fusatar.

Malamai da kuma takwarorinsu Denis zarar ya lura da cewa magani ta fãɗa da shi yanzu kasa da lissafi da kimiyyar lissafi. Suna iya gani a bayyane babbar sha'awa ga jiki gwaje-gwajen, wanda ya nuna Papen. Denis yana da wasu matsaloli tare da saki daga jami'a, da kuma bayar da takardar shaidar da kammala daga cikin shakka a gare shi an bayyana a fili condescension. Duk da haka, ya zo a Paris a 1670 tare da niyya ta fara aiki a matsayin likita.

Mataimakin Hristiana Gyuygensa

Kamar yadda ya zama al'ada, dole ne ya haruffa na shawarwarin kira ga taimako a magance a cikin babban birnin kasar. Daya daga cikinsu da aka jawabi ga matar mai sarauta hukuma, Jean-Baptiste Colbert - Marie Charron, zuriyar guda wuraren cewa Papen. Denis a lokacin wani zance da mijinta bayyana so su shiga cikin gudanar da bincike, kuma ya kasance m. Colbert a madadin Sarkin shirya wani aikin kungiyar tare da sa hannu na shahararrun masana kimiyya Hristiana Gyuygensa, wanda ake bukata wani mataimaki. Denis farincikin dauki wannan wuri.

Ya fara taimaka tare da Huygens experimentation tare da injin, wanda sai ya sha'awar a cikin shahararrun Dutchman. A takaice, ya kyautata wani iska famfo, wanda aka halitta da taimakon wani injin yanayi, a karon farko da ake ji na musamman bawul. A 1674 ya wallafa wani littafi Papen "New gwaje-gwajen da fanko", sadaukar da sakamakon da airless yanayi a kan shuke-shuke da kuma rayayyun kwayoyin halitta. The aiki na Papen da famfo zama sane da Robert Boyle, daya daga cikin wadanda suka kafa na Birtaniya Royal Society, wanda gayyaci kasar Faransa a London.

Papin a Ingila

Daga 1676 zuwa 1681 ya yi aiki a London, a kusa da tare da haɗin gwiwar Boyle, kuma daga baya tare da sauran manyan masana kimiyya - Robert Hooke. Yana bayar da gudanar da gwaje-gwajen da ya yi nazarin da kaddarorin gas, lokaci guda tsunduma a nasu ayyukan.

A 1679 ya gabatar da sabuwar dabara - "sabon digester, ko wani wajen laushi da ƙasũsuwa" - da samfur na zamani matsa lamba cooker da autoclave ga zafi magani na daban-daban kayan. Lokacin da yake bunkasa wannan na'urar, ya yi amfani da ilimi ya samu a matsayin likita. Denis Papin samarwa don amfani a lokacin da dafa nama ya karu matsin sa ta dumama. Ya kasko - wani jirgin ruwa tare da wata cover, wanda aka lazimta da sukurori, wanda damar domin tightness. A cover da aka sanya bawul auna kaya, kyale yi wasa kashe wuce haddi matsa lamba.

Amma da ya kirkiro sha wahala a setback - ya tukunyar jirgi ya ba same m aikace-aikace. Dunƙule fastening shi da wuya a yi amfani da, da rashin iyawa to da sauri ta saki dukkan iska bayan dafa karshen offsetting wani riba a lokaci - ya jira don sanyaya cire murfin. Aiki model na matsa lamba cooker zo ne kawai bayan fiye da karni biyu.

Fitina Turai

A 1681 ya yi tafiya zuwa Italiya a bisa gayyatar da Giovanni Ambrosio Sarotte, shugaban Venice Academy of Science, wanda mafarkin ba shi muhimmanci, kama da daya wanda yake da Paris Academy da kuma Royal Society of London. Amma kokarin da aka dashed lokacin da ya ƙaryata game da kudade daga gwamnatin.

A Turai tsananta fitinar Furotesta, amma saboda na kauda tashe Louis XIV dokokin kare hakkin na Huguenots, Papin ya rasa damar da za su kõmo zuwa ga mahaifarsa. Tare da 1684 for 1687 ya yi aiki a London, sai ya koma zuwa Jamus, da kuma riko da matsayin farfesa lissafi a jami'ar Marburg. Akwai ya yanke shawarar da ya aure ta dan uwan, wanda ya tsere daga zalunci a Faransa da kuma bar wata gwauruwa da matasa 'yar a ta makamai.

The kirkiro na tururi engine

A 1690 ya wallafa wani bayanin da na'urar for famfo ruwa, wadda da farko yi amfani da tururi engine. Da sabuwar dabara na mota, ta amfani da ikon tururi, shi ya sa da kwarewa tsiwirwirinsu a lokacin da yake aiki a kan digester. Ya sa'an nan ji da karfi na farko ikon tsanani tururi. Design bayani sun bayyana a hanyoyi da dama a cikin shakka daga rubutu da Gottfried Leibniz, a tattauna manyan yawan msar tambayar da m kimiyya matsalolin da ya kai wannan babban malamin tare da shi. Denis Papin farko amfani da dafa zafi tururi a raba ganga - tukunya - da kuma cikin aminci bawul, a da yawa hanyoyi sanya yin amfani da wani real tururi engine. Masana kimiyya da shawara ga amfani da drive domin kai-propelled kuraye da jirage, iya motsa da sauri da na yanzu, ta amfani da filafili dabaran.

A ra'ayin na kogin steamer antagonizing da iko guild na kogin dako da cewa ya ga wani karfi gasa a cikin jirgin, wanda aka da ake ci gaba Denis Papin. Hoto na wani masanin kimiyya a kan bango na kai-propelled jirgin ruwa, halaka wani taro na boatmen da boatmen sukan buga a cikin littattafan tarihi, ko da yake abin dogara bayanai game da wannan al'amari ba a kiyaye su.

Papen ya kasance m da sauran fice ga cewa lokaci ideas. Daga cikin su - wani sabon gilashin narkewa makera, asali Ballista - gun zargin domin amai nisa, ciki har da ta hanyar iska (da samfur na roka-propelled gurnetin). A cikin wasiyya - submarine, da manufa na aiki na wani harin bom makera, injin amfani ga dogon lokacin da ajiya na abinci, wani centrifugal famfo.

Nameless kabari da kuma wata babbar tunawa

A daidai ranar da mutuwa ta fice masanin kimiyya ne ba a sani ba, kazalika da wuri na binne. An yi imani da cewa, ya mutu tsakanin 1712 da kuma 1714. a London. Papen 'yan shekarun nan da aka ɓaci ta da cikakken rashin kudi da kuma rikici da Royal Society, wanda kalubalanci fifiko a cikin sabuwar dabara na tururi tukunyar jirgi.

By kamar yadda rabin karni marigayi-cancanta karrama, wanda daga bisani an bayar da Denis Papin. Hoto na wani masanin kimiyya qawatawa da Paris Academy, Royal Society, ya kasance a duk litattafai akan tarihin kimiyya. M size tagulla mutum-mutumi shigar a gida a Blois kimiyyar lissafi.

Hoton na fahimci baiwa, da kuma ake amfani da su tabbatar da cewa juyin juya halin masana'antu da kuma spurt a fasahar, cikakke a cikin XIX karni, kuma yana da Faransa asalinsu.