Petr Leonidovich Kapitsa: labari, hotuna, fadi

Da low yanayin zafi, kusa da cikakkar sifili, to high matakan, wanda ake bukata domin kira na atomic nuclei - da cewa shi ne kewayon dadewa aiki na Academician Kapitsa. Ya sau biyu ya zama jarumi na Likitoci, kuma ya karbi kyautar Stalin da Nobel.

Yara

Petr Leonidovich Kapitsa, wanda za'a gabatar da labarinsa a cikin wannan labarin, a Kronstadt a 1894. Mahaifinsa Leonid Petrovich wani injiniya ne na soja kuma ya shiga aikin gina kronstadt. Maman - Olga Ieronimovna - wani kwararre ne a cikin labarun gargajiya da kuma wallafe-wallafen yara.

A shekara ta 1905, An aika Petya zuwa karatu a gymnasium, amma saboda rashin talauci (an ba da Latin), yaron ya bar ta a cikin shekara. Malamin makaranta na gaba ya ci gaba da karatu a Kronstadt College. Ya sauke karatu da daraja a 1912.

Nazarin jami'a

Da farko, Peter Kapitsa (hoton da ke ƙasa) ya shirya yayi karatu a Jami'ar Physics da Kimiyya na Jami'ar St. Petersburg, amma ba a ɗauke shi a can ba. Yaron ya yanke shawarar kokarin sa'a a "polytech", sai sa'a ya yi masa dariya. Petra ya shiga cikin hukumar zaɓin lantarki. Tuni a cikin shekarar farko, wani saurayi mai basira ya kusantar da hankalin Farfesa AF Ioffe kuma yayi sha'awar saurayi don bincike a ɗakinsa.

Sojoji da bikin aure

A shekara ta 1914, Petr Leonidovich Kapitsa tafi Scotland ga wani Hutun bazara. A can ya shirya yin aiki a Turanci. Amma yakin duniya na farko ya fara, kuma saurayi ba zai iya komawa gida ba a watan Agusta. Ya je Petrograd kawai a watan Nuwamba.

A farkon 1915 Bitrus ya ba da gudummawa ga West Front. An sanya shi matsayin matsayin direba na motar motar. Har ila yau, ya kawo raunuka, a kan motarsa.

A shekara ta 1916, ya sake mulki, kuma Bitrus ya koma makarantar. Ioffe nan da nan ya ɗora wa saurayi da aikin gwaji a cikin dakin gwaje-gwaje na jiki kuma ya janyo hankalin shiga cikin taro na jiki (na farko a Rasha). A cikin wannan shekara, Kapitsa ya buga labarinsa na farko. Ya kuma yi auren Nadezhda Chernosvitova, dan 'yar ɗayan memba na kwamitin tsakiya na jam'iyyar ta Cadet.

Ayyukan aiki a cikin sabon tsarin koyarwar jiki

A 1918 AF Ioffe ta shirya ta farko a cikin binciken kimiyyar kimiyyar kimiyya a Rasha. Bitrus Kapitsa, wanda aka karanta shi a ƙasa, ya kammala digiri a wannan shekara na kimiyya kuma ya zauna a nan a matsayin malami.

Matsayi bayan rikice-rikice na ƙwararrakin bai yi alkawarin kimiyya wani abu mai kyau ba. Ioffe ya taimaka wajen ci gaba da tarurruka don almajiransa, daga cikinsu akwai Bitrus. Ya bukaci Kapitza ya bar Rasha, amma gwamnati ba ta ba da damar yin haka ba. Maxim Gorky, wanda aka yi la'akari da shi a matsayin mawallafi mafi rinjaye, ya taimaka. An yarda Bitrus ya bar Ingila. Ba da daɗewa ba kafin tashiwar Kapitza, annobar annoba ta tashi a St. Petersburg. A wata daya malamin kimiyya ya rasa matarsa, jariri, ɗa da uba.

Aiki a Ingila

A Mayu 1921, Bitrus ya zo Ingila a matsayin wani ɓangare na kwamitin Rasha daga Cibiyar Kimiyya. Babban manufar masana kimiyya shine sabuntawar kimiyya, ta hanyar yaki da juyin juya halin. Bayan watanni biyu, masanin kimiyya Pyotr Kapitsa ya zauna a cikin Laboratory Cavendish, wanda Rutherford ya jagoranci. Ya dauki wani saurayi don aikin ɗan gajeren lokaci. Yawancin lokaci, ilimin kimiyyar injiniya da ilimin kimiyya na masanin kimiyya na Rasha ya ba da karfi ga Rutherford.

A 1922, Kapitsa ya kare kundin digirinsa a Jami'ar Cambridge. Ya kimiyya dalĩli girma a lissafi ci gaban. A shekarar 1923 an ba shi kyautar Maxwell. Bayan shekara guda, masanin kimiyya ya zama mataimakin darekta na dakin gwaje-gwaje.

Sabon aure

A 1925, Petr Leonidovich Kapitsa ya ziyarci Paris a Academician A. N. Krylov, wanda ya gabatar da shi ga 'yarsa Anna. Bayan shekaru biyu sai ta zama matar masanin kimiyya. Bayan bikin aure, Bitrus ya sayi gonaki a kan Huntington Road kuma ya gina gida. Nan da nan 'ya'yansa Andrei da Sergei za a haife su a nan.

Magnetic World Championship

Pyotr Leonidovich Kapitsa, wanda biography ne sananne ga dukan lissafin kimiyya, rayayye ya ci gaba da karatu da matakai na canji na nuclei da rediyoaktif lalace. Ya zo tare da sabon shigarwar don samar da filayen magnetic filayen kuma samun sakamakon rikodin, 6-7 sau dubu mafi girma fiye da baya. Sa'an nan Landau ya yi masa baftisma a matsayin "zakara na duniya."

Komawa USSR

Binciken dukiya na karafa a fannin farfadowa, Petr Leonidovich Kapitsa ya fahimci buƙatar sauya yanayi na gwaje-gwaje. Ana buƙatar yanayin zafi (gel). Ya kasance a fannin ilimin lissafin ilimin ƙananan yanayin da masana kimiyya suka samu nasara mafi girma. Amma bincike game da wannan batu, Petr Leonidovich ya rigaya ya riga ya gida.

Jami'ai na gwamnatin Soviet sun ba shi wuri mai dorewa a cikin USSR. Masanin kimiyya yana da sha'awar irin wadannan shawarwari, amma ya nuna sau da yawa yanayi, mafi mahimmanci - tafiya zuwa Yamma a nufin. Gwamnati bai hadu ba.

A lokacin rani na 1934, Kapitsa da matarsa sun ziyarci USSR, amma lokacin da suke gab da barin Ingila, ya bayyana cewa an dakatar da visa. Daga bisani, an yarda Anna ya koma wa yara ya kuma kai su zuwa Moscow. Rutherford da abokan hulda na Peter Alekseevich sun nemi gwamnatin Soviet ta ba da damar Kapitsa koma Ingila don ci gaba da aiki. Duk abin banza ne.

A 1935, Peter Kapitsa, wanda labarinsa na ɗan gajeren lokaci ya san dukan masana kimiyya, ya jagoranci Cibiyar Cutar Matsalolin Kwayoyi a Jami'ar Kimiyya. Amma kafin ya yarda da wannan matsayi, ya bukaci sayan kayan aiki, wanda ya yi aiki a waje. A wannan lokacin, Rutherford ya rigaya ya yarda da asarar wani ma'aikaci mai mahimmanci kuma ya sayar da kayan aiki daga dakin gwaje-gwaje.

Lissafi ga Gwamnatin

Kapitsa Petr Leonidovich (hoton da aka haɗe da labarin) ya koma gidansa tare da farkon tsaffin Stalin. Ko da a cikin wannan lokaci mai wuya, ya yi ƙoƙari ya kare ra'ayinsa. Ganin cewa duk abin da ke cikin ƙasa ya yanke shawara a cikin ƙasa, ya rubuta takardun haruffa akai-akai, yana ƙoƙarin gudanar da tattaunawar kai tsaye da kai tsaye. Daga 1934 zuwa 1983, masanin kimiyya ya aika da fiye da 300 haruffa zuwa Kremlin. Na gode da shigar da Petr Leonidovich, an saki masana kimiyya da dama daga gidajen kurkuku da sansanin.

Ƙari aiki da bincike

Duk abin da ya faru a kusa, likitan ilimin kimiyya ya samo lokaci don aikin kimiyya. A kan shigarwa daga Ingila, ya ci gaba da binciken a fagen wutar lantarki. Ma'aikata daga Cambridge sun shiga cikin gwaje-gwaje. Wadannan gwaje-gwajen sunyi shekaru masu yawa kuma suna da muhimmanci sosai.

Masanin kimiyya ya inganta inganta turbine na na'urar, kuma ya zama mafi dacewa don yalwata iska. Shigarwa bai buƙaci helium mai kwantar da hankali ba. An fadada shi ta atomatik ta hanyar fadadawa a cikin mai zane na musamman. Ana amfani da irin wadannan na'urorin gel a kusan dukkanin ƙasashe.

A 1937, bayan binciken da yawa a wannan hanya, Petr Leonidovich Kapitsa (lambar kyautar Nobel za a bai wa masana kimiyya shekaru 30 bayan haka) ya yi bincike na asali. Ya gano abin mamaki na helium. Babban maƙasudin binciken: a zazzabi da ke ƙasa 2.19 ° K babu danko. A cikin shekaru masu zuwa, Petr Leonidovich ya gano wasu abubuwa masu ban mamaki da ke faruwa a cikin helium. Alal misali, yada zafi a ciki. Na gode wa waɗannan nazarin, sabon shugabanci ya bayyana a kimiyya - ilimin lissafi na tarin yawa.

Ƙin yarda ya halicci bam din bam din

A 1945, Soviet Union ta kaddamar da shirin don inganta makaman nukiliya. Petr Kapitsa, wanda littattafansa sun kasance sanannun masana kimiyya, sun ki yarda su shiga ciki. Saboda haka aka cire shi daga aikin kimiyya kuma an sanya shi a gidan yari shekaru takwas. Har ila yau, an hana masanin kimiyya damar samun damar sadarwa tare da abokan aiki. Amma Petr Leonidovich bai daɗe ba, kuma ya yanke shawarar tsara ɗakin dakunan gwaje-gwaje a fannin bincikensa don ci gaba da bincike.

A halin yanzu, a cikin yanayin fasaha, an haife kayan lantarki na manyan ƙwarewa, wanda ya zama mataki na farko a kan hanyar yin sulhu na makamashin thermonuclear. Amma masanin kimiyya ya iya komawa gwaje-gwajen da aka kammala bayan an sake shi a shekarar 1955. Ya fara ne ta hanyar nazarin fuka-fitila mai tsanani. Sanya a bude lokacin kafa tushen da makirci da wani thermonuclear reactor na ci gaba da aikin.

Wasu daga cikin gwaje-gwajensa sun ba da wata sabuwar tasiri game da kirkiro masu rubutun masana kimiyya. Kowane marubucin ya yi ƙoƙarin bayyana ra'ayoyinsa game da wannan al'amari. A wannan lokacin, Kapitsa ya kuma yi nazarin walƙiya na walƙiya da hydrodynamics na bakin ciki na yaduwar ruwa. Amma jin daɗin da yake so a gare shi ya yi kira ga dukiya na plasma da na'urorin lantarki.

Ƙasar waje da Nobel Prize

A 1965, Petr Leonidovich Kapitsa ya sami izini na gwamnati don tafiya zuwa Denmark. A nan aka ba shi kyautar zinari na Niels Bohr. Masanin ilimin likita ya bincika dakunan gwaje-gwaje na gida kuma ya ba da lacca akan ƙananan makamashi. A 1969, masanin kimiyya tare da matarsa sun ziyarci Amurka a karon farko.

A tsakiyar Oktoba 1978, masanin kimiyya ya karbi telegram daga Cibiyar Kimiyya ta Sweden. A cikin taken akwai wani rubutu: "Petr Leonidovich Kapitsa. Nobel Prize ". Masanin kimiyya ya karbi shi don bincike mai zurfi a yanayin yanayin zafi. Wannan labari mai farin ciki "ya kama" masanin kimiyya a lokacin sauran a Barvikha kusa da Moscow.

'Yan jarida wanda suka yi hira da shi sun tambayi: "Wadanne nasarori na kimiyya na kanka kake ganin su ne mafi muhimmanci?" Petr Leonidovich ya ce mafi muhimmanci ga masana kimiyya shine aikinsa na yanzu. "Yau kaina, yanzu ina cikin rikici na thermonuclear," ya kara da cewa.

Lecture Kapitza a Stockholm a bikin kyauta bikin ban mamaki ne. Sabanin doka, ya ba da lacca ba bisa ilimin lissafi na yanayin zafi ba, amma game da plasma da maganin thermonuclear sarrafawa. Petr Leonidovich ya bayyana dalilin dalilin wannan 'yancin. Masanin kimiyya ya ce: "Na yi wuya a zabi wani batu don koyarwar Nobel. Na samu lambar yabo don bincike a yanayin yanayin zafi, amma ban yi nazarin su ba har tsawon shekaru 30. A cikin makarantar, ba shakka, ci gaba da binciko wannan batu, amma ni kaina na canza gaba wajen nazarin hanyoyin da ake buƙata don aiwatar da wani maganin thermonuclear. Na yi imanin cewa a halin yanzu wannan yanayi yana da ban sha'awa da dacewa, domin zai taimaka wajen warware matsalar matsalar rikici na makamashi. "

Masanin kimiyya ya mutu a 1984, kadan kafin ya kai jubili na 90. A ƙarshe, mun fadi shahararrun sanannun maganganunsa.

Quotes

"'Yanci na' yan Adam za su iya iyakancewa a hanyoyi biyu: ta hanyar tashin hankalin ko ta hanyar ilmantarwa na kwakwalwa."

"Mutumin yaro ne har sai ya yi wauta."

"Ba za ku iya la'akari da kurakurai kamar pseudoscience ba. Amma wadanda basu yarda ba ne ainihin pseudoscience. "

"Wanda ya san abin da yake so yana da basira."

"Masana basu haifar da wani lokaci ba, amma ana haifar da wani zamanin."

"Don zama mai farin ciki, mutum yana bukatar ya yi tunanin kansa kyauta."

"Wanda yake da hakuri yana cin nasara. Tsayawa kawai ba na tsawon sa'o'i ba, amma na shekaru da dama. "

"Kada ka rufe, amma ka jaddada rikitarwa. Suna taimakawa wajen bunkasa kimiyya. "

"Kimiyya ya zama mai sauki, mai ban sha'awa da ban sha'awa. Haka kuma ya shafi masana kimiyya. "

"Tsarin kirki wani bangare ne na tsarin dimokra] iyya, tun lokacin da yawancin mutane ke farawa. Abubuwan da yawancin masu rinjaye suke so kawai sun ci gaba da ci gaba. "

"Life kamar wasa na katin, wanda kuke shiga, ba tare da sanin dokoki ba."