Anthropology: Mene ne kimiyya na mutum?

Babban batu na Anthropology - wani mutum a duk da manifestations. Shi ne saboda wannan akwai da dama ciki tarbiyya na kimiyya. Anthropology aka subdivided cikin falsafa, al'adu, ta jiki da zamantakewa, da sauransu. D. Dukan su daga kusurwoyi mabambanta karatu dabi'ar mutum.

Origin of ajalin

The kalmar "Anthropology" yana Greek asalinsu. A zamanin da ajalin shahara tsakanin Helenawa da masana falsafa da kuma masana kimiyya. An yi imani da cewa kalmar buga ta Aristotle, wanda ya rayu a karni na IV BC. e. A wannan yanayin, da Falsafa nufi Anthropology matsayin kimiyya da cewa karatu shi ne m gefe na samuwar dan'adam.

Tare da wannan suggestive lokaci da aka yi amfani da wani iri-iri na sanannun gabascin. Alal misali, daga gare su, ya Kant, wanda ya sosai sha'awar Anthropology. Mene ne wani mutum, abin da ke wurin mutane a duniya - duk wadannan da wasu tambayoyi tashe da Jamusanci Falsafa da abokansa. Duk da haka, a cikin zamani al'adu shi ne rinjaye view ne cewa Kalmar "falsafa Anthropology" ya shafi wani makaranta cewa ka fito a cikin XX karni. Kuma kawai a sakandare ji, da ya rufe aikin Thinkers na baya dazamani.

falsafa Anthropology

Na asali saboda falsafar Anthropology ne classic Jamus bazawa Falsafa da kuma zurfin tunani Max Shelera. Wannan "Man ta matsayi a sarari," "Game da har abada kuma mutum" da sauransu. D.

Scheler littattafai da aka rubuta a farkon na XX karni, kuma suka yi shiga mai da sulhu da kimiyya da kwarewa na baya karni. Jamus masu bincike suna kokarin amsa tambayar, abin da yake cikin mutum ruhu. Ilimin falsafa Anthropology, a tsakanin sauran abubuwa Rokon to addini. Dalili na mutum, bisa ga Scheler, shi ne ruhu a cikin za'a fadada ma'anarta. Ya kunshi gabbai, da nishaxi, da kuma daban-daban ideas.

Scheler ya rinjayi mutane da yawa Thinkers na XX karni, wanda ko ta yaya aiki a fagen falsafa Anthropology. Daga cikinsu akwai mai Rasha tausaya wajama'a: Andrey Bely, Nikolai Berdyaev, Sergei Bulgakov, .. Leo Karsavin da dai sauransu Wadannan masu bincike sun nazarci matsalar Anthropology, bisa related batutuwa: ilimin halayyar zaman jama'a, ethology, ilmin halitta da kuma tunani. The abu na bincike wani mutum. Ilimin falsafa Anthropology yau yana da yawa msar tambayar makarantu bisa laákari da rubuce-rubucen.

jiki Anthropology

A mafi saba wa layman ji, kalmar "Anthropology" yana nufin jiki Anthropology. Wannan kimiyya nazarin mutum daga ra'ayi na jinsin: tsarinta, da dangantaka da yanayi da sifofin kwayoyin.

A Rasha, jiki Anthropology fara a cikin XVIII karni, godiya ga Bitrus I. A Rasha Tsar gina farko gidan kayan gargajiya a kasar - da majalisar na curiosities, inda akwai da yawa nune-nunen a kan ilmin jikin mutum. Peter zama sha'awar a cikin wannan kimiyya bayan ziyarar zuwa Turai a lokacin da "Great Ofishin Jakadancin". Mamallaki incognito ziyarci laccoci da Dutch anatomists da binciken burbushin.

shi ne mai yawa abu a Rasha domin ci gaba da kimiyya na mutum. A cikin XVIII karni na rayayye diddigin da kafa mulkin mallaka Siberia. A ta bude sarari sanaki wakilan kananan da kuma musamman kabilun. Balaguro Shugabannin da suka cikakken anthropological asusun da ransu, wanda sa'an nan ya tafi zuwa St. Petersburg da kuma Turai jami'o'i. Daga cikin wadannan masu bincike sun Stepan Krashennikov, Peter Pallas, kuma haka a kan .. Mafi yawa daga cikinsu 'yan kasashen waje, wanda ake rayayye aiki Romanovs saboda rashin in-gidan gwaninta.

Anthropology a Rasha

Har ila yau a cikin Rasha tarihi na Anthropology shi ya hada da ayyukan da daban-daban Rasha gabascin. Alexander Radishchev, mafi shahara akan muqala "Journey daga St. Petersburg zuwa Moscow", kuma karatu dabi'ar mutum. A Ilimsk hijira ya rubuta wani muhimmin rubutun "A Man, ya Mutuwa da rashin mutuwa," wanda a hade da m falsafa da kuma ta jiki Anthropology.

Socialist da utopian Nikolai Chernyshevsky iya ba watsi da tambaya na mutum wuri a duniya. Ya rayayye ciyar a makaranta na falsafa, jari-hujja. Yana kuma nuna wariyar launin fatar Anthropology. Mene ne wata al'umma, kabila - duk da cewa wajaba a zukatan masu bincike na XIX karni. Socialists, kamar Chernyshevsky yi imani da cewa duk da bambance-bambance a cikin rabo na daban-daban al'ummai ya faru saboda sarkar na abubuwan tarihin da, maimakon da na halitta launin fata da bambance-bambance.

Al'adu da kuma zamantakewa Anthropology

Wani horo (al'adu ko zamantakewa Anthropology) farko na nazarin da kwastan da kuma hadisai na daban-daban al'ummai. A Rasha, da wata babbar gudummawa ga wannan kimiyya ya sanya Nikolai Maclay, suka yi karatu daban-daban Eastern kasashen. Da ya gudanar ya isa ko da m mutanen Oceania a lokacin, ko a lokacin da babu wanda yake tsanani sha'awar su hanyarsa ta rayuwa. Ya makala sun zama ginshiƙai ga masu bincike a bangarori daban-daban.

Duk da haka, da al'adu (ko zamantakewa) Anthropology zo daga baya Maclay. A farkon da XX karni, wannan kimiyya da aka haife godiya ga littattafai na Leo Frobenius, Ruth Benedict, Franz Boas, Marcel Mauss, da sauransu. D. Idan Amurka ne m, da kalmar "al'adu Anthropology" a Birtaniya - "social Anthropology". Menene al'adu Anthropology? Yana dogara ne a kan nazarin halittu da ilmi game da mutumin da a lokaci guda ta binciko ra'ayoyi da dabi'u da cewa an yarda a daban-daban al'adu.

The kama da ethnology

Al'adu Anthropology aka alaka sciences da ethnology, wanda shi ne dan kadan fadi a gaban sa tambayoyi. A kasashe daban-daban, wannan kama aka yarda ko ƙaryata a kansu hanya. Abin sha'awa, a Rasha saboda da Soviet wasiyya kiyaye da al'adar zuwa kira wannan kimiyya ethnography. A lokaci guda a cikin harshen Turanci kimiyya ne kusan taba amfani da Kalmar "ethnology", amma m "al'adu Anthropology". Mene ne nazarin mutumin for Western masu bincike? Saboda duniya da kuma bude kofa ga duniya a yau, zamani masana kimiyya suna da ha a su da rubuce-rubucen da dama na ilimi kafa a jũna al'adu, wanda taimaka dauki wani sabo ne look at dabi'ar mutum.