Yanayi da kuma janar halaye na Turai da kasashen waje

Turai ƙasa, wanda aka located waje cikin kasashen da tsohon CIS, fiye kira a matsayin "kasashen waje Turai." Ya kunshi hudu dozin kasashe, ciri da wani gungu na tarihi da siyasa tsakanin kasashen. Harkokin waje na ƙasa a Turai ne game da 5.4 murabba'in kilomita miliyan, da kuma yawan - fiye da 500 mutane miliyan. Yankin ne, haƙĩƙa, daya daga cikin cibiyoyin duniya wayewa, da kuma bautar wani muhimmin wuri a cikin siyasar duniya. Yau za mu yi magana a kan wani topic kamar wani janar bayanin waje Turai. Grade 11 manhaja shafi shawara na topic. Bari mu tuna abin da muka kasance sanar a makaranta, kuma zaro da kanka wani abu sabon!

jihar

A yankin da muke son saye a yau, lullube kan 5000 km daga arewa zuwa kudu kuma kilomita 3,000 daga yamma zuwa gabas. Daga cikin kasashen Turai, akwai manyan kuma matsakaici-sized, amma har yanzu suna low a cikin rinjaye. Alal misali, akwai wani wargi da cewa tun da kora a Belgium, kana bukatar ka da lokaci zuwa latsa a kan birki, in ba haka ba za ka iya kiran a wani State. Fast jirgin kasa wucewa ta kasar a kawai 140 minti. Irin kasashen a Turai mafi. Wannan shi ne dalilin da ya sa da yawa daga cikinsu, babu irin wannan abu a matsayin wani sleeper.

Nuna a general bayanin irin waje kasashen Turai, su ne, a cikin sharuddan na tattalin arziki da kuma halin da ake ciki Gwargwadon, da biyu babban fasali. A farko daga cikin wadannan - kasashen dake makwabtaka da matsayi. Domin kananan (mun gwada magana, ba shakka) girman da ƙasa kuma ta kananan "zurfin", jihohin da kyau-kafa tsarin sufuri links. A na biyu alama - yawan babban seaside wuri a Turai. Da yawa daga cikinsu suna located kusa da busiest waterways. A rayuwa irin kasashen Ingila, Netherlands, Denmark, Iceland, Portugal, Norway, Italiya da kuma Girka, tun daga lokacin da aka nasaba, da teku.

Cikin karni na ashirin da siyasa taswirar Turai ya halartar gagarumin canje-canje sau uku: bayan da farko da na biyu Duniya Wars, kazalika a karshen 90s. Yau a Turai za a iya samu a ketare jumhuriya, daular mulkinsu da kuma unitary da kuma tarayya jihohi.

Nature kuma Resources

Industrial waje Turai da aka halitta a ƙarƙashin rinjayar da na halitta abubuwan da ake bukata, wato da abun da ke ciki na ma'adanai. A arewa (dandamali) da kuma kudancin (folded) sassa na yankin shi ne daban-daban. A arewacin ne mai arziki a cikin tama da kuma burbushin man fetur. Babban dutse-kwal daruna ne Ruhr (Jamus) da kuma Upper Silesia (Poland). Daga cikin man fetur da kuma iskar gas waha ne don samar da Arewa Sea. Kuma daga cikin baƙin ƙarfe - Pool Kiruna (Sweden) da kuma Lorraine (France).

A kudancin yankin ne mai arziki a cikin tama adibas na magmatic da sedimentary asalin. Amma ga reserves na man fetur da albarkatun, akwai ba kamar yadda mai girma kamar yadda a arewacin Turai.

Janar halaye na waje Turai cikin sharuddan makamashi nuna cewa ta albarkatun ne sosai ƙato, amma an same su, yafi a dutsen yankunan, wato: mai tsayi, Nordic da kuma Dinaric. A da yawa daga kasashen, albarkatun kusan m. A yanayin da yankin ya sa ya yiwu ga rayayye noma. Sai dai matsalar - da rashin ƙasar. Kananan bakin teku jihohi suna fafitikar da shi, fadada zuwa teku. Alal misali, a kashi na uku na yankin da Netherlands da aka "nasara" ta cikin teku tare da taimakon dams. A unguwa a wannan batun, ya ce: "Allah ya halicci duniya, da kuma The Dutch - Netherlands." Wannan ne mai wuya rubuta a cikin sashe na littafin "yanayin kasa" (11th sa). Janar halaye na waje Turai amma duk da haka ba zai iya watsi da wannan al'amari.

A yankin da aka located a cikin temperate kuma subtropical (kudu) zones. A cikin Rum yankin a barga noma shi yiwuwa ba tare da ban ruwa. M shi rinjayar da Italiya da kuma Spain. A mafi kyau yanayi na Finland da Sweden fariya ga gandunan daji. Ba abin mamaki akwai wata maganarsu: "Finland ba tare da gandun daji, da bear ba tare da gashi." Halitta da wasanni albarkatun an kuma gabatar yadu isa.

Yanzu yana da lokaci zuwa la'akari da gaba abu na hira a kan topic "General halaye na waje Turai."

The yawan waje Turai

National abun da ke ciki shi ne fairly uniform. Mafi yawa daga cikin al'ummai kasance a cikin Indo-Turai iyali. The rinjaye addini ne Kiristanci a yankin. Duk da haka, kudancin aka kuma karkata zuwa Katolika, da kuma arewa - to Protestantism. International Turai an dauki daya daga cikin mafi densely lugar yankuna na Duniya. The yawan yawa a nan shi ne a kan mutane 100 da 1 murabba'in kilomita. Sakawa ma'anar yafi da labarin kasa na al'umma. Bisa ga matakin na urbanization Turai ma mukamansu high. A cikin birane, da talakawan yawan game da 78% na al'ummar jihar. Akwai ƙasashe inda wannan adadi ya kai 90%.

A kan 'yan shekarun nan, kasashen Turai ta yawan fara girma ma sannu a hankali. A jihohi 15, akwai yawan ƙi. Bugu da kari, shi ne canza abun da ke ciki - mai girma yawan tsofaffi mutane. Wannan shafi yankin ta rabo a cikin duniya inji na waje hijirarsa. A hankali waje Turai da ake zama cike da ya haifar da aiki ƙaura. A nan, akwai game da miliyan 20 ma'aikata daga kasashen waje. Miliyan 7 na su zauna a Jamus.

Janar halaye na tattalin arzikin da Turai waje

11 manhaja aji na bincikar irin al'amurran da suka shafi sama-sama, mun kuma shãfe a kan su, a cikin mafi daki-daki. Kamar yadda wani na game yankin, kasashen waje Turai yana da wani duniya gasar sikelin-fitarwa, girman masana'antu samar da ci gaban na yawon shakatawa. A farko tattalin arziki da iko a yankin da yake a kan kasashe irin su Faransa, Birtaniya, Italiya da kuma Jamus. Fiye da shekaru goma, shugaba na wannan Quartet ya Jamus, wanda tattalin arzikin da aka samun saurin bunkasuwar. "Workshop na duniya" - da United Kingdom, ya fara dauka da matsayi. mafi girma nauyi a cikin sauran kasashe su ne: da Netherlands, Switzerland, Belgium, Spain da kuma Sweden. Su, sabanin "hudu main" mayar da hankali kan mutum masana'antu.

masana'antu

A manyan reshe na waje Turai masana'antu - inji aikin injiniya. Yana lissafinsu na uku na yankin ta samar da kashi biyu bisa uku na fitarwa. Ba asiri da cewa kasashen Turai ne domin ta shahara motoci. Da farko, kayan aiki o ƙarin tabbatar da manyan birane, ciki har da babban birnin kasar. A lokaci guda, kamar yadda mai mulkin, kowane sub-kansu daidaitacce a wani yanki na jihar.

A na biyu wuri ne da sinadaran masana'antu. Yawa nasara a cikin wannan shugabanci ne daban-daban Jamus. A sinadaran masana'antu a yankin kafin yakin duniya na II, yafi maida hankali a kan ci (baki da kuma ruwan kasa), gishiri (tebur da potassium) da kuma pyrite. Sa'an nan kuma akwai wani reorientation na hydrocarbons masana'antu. The most petrochemicals located in estuaries na Seine, da Thames, Elbe, Rhine da Rhone. Ga da masana'antu ne lauye da man fetur.

Iskar gas da kuma man fetur da ake samarwa a cikin Arewa Sea, an aika zuwa kasashe daban-daban a kan babbar akwati bututun tsarin. Gas daga Algeria hawa a motocin dakon methane dako. A manyan rawar da aka buga da Rasha gas, wanda ya saye 20 kasashen Turai.

Next a kan sikelin da masana'antu - baƙin ƙarfe da karfe. Yana da aka kafa a nan kafin a fara da STR. Iron da karfe masana'antu mafi sosai ci gaba a Jamus, Ingila, Spain, Faransa, Czech Republic da kuma Poland. A babban rabo kuma daukan aluminum da kuma wadanda ba ferrous metallurgy. Aluminum aka smelleded ba kawai a cikin kasashen mallakan sararin reserves na haƙar, amma kuma a ci-gaba da samar da wutar lantarki.

Gandun daji masana'antu ne mayar da hankali, yafi a Finland da Sweden, da kuma hasken - a kudancin Turai. Italiya ne na biyu kasar a cikin duniya domin yi na takalma, bayan da kasar Sin. Kuma Portugal ne dauke da main "seamstress" a cikin yankin. A mafi yawan kasashe, a yau ake kiyaye kasa hadisai domin samar da kida, furniture, gilashin kayayyakin.

noma

Janar halaye na tattalin arzikin Turai da aka shafa waje mafi girma yanzu magana a cikin daki-daki. Mafi yawa daga cikin kayayyakin da kansu ayyukan noma a yankin samar da mai cikakken kuma rayayye sayar da su a kasashen waje. Bayan yakin duniya na biyu, da yankin ya koma daga kananan sikelin-noma to qware high-darajar. Babban rassan - shũka da dabbõbi, an rarraba cikin Turai kuma suna a hankali lauye da juna. Halitta da tarihi da yanayi sun sa samuwar wadannan iri noma: Nordic, Turai ta Tsakiya da kuma Kudancin Turai.

Nordic noma ne na kowa a Finland, Scandinavia da kuma Birtaniya. Ya ne halin da m kiwo, wanda aka aiki ta hanyar amfanin gona m burodi da kuma fodder amfanin gona. A Turai ta Tsakiya irin na asali rawa da nama da kiwo da dabbõbin ni'ima da kaji.

Southern Turai irin muhimmi predominance na amfanin gona samar. Shũka yafi directed a hatsi, amma kasa da kasa specialization na kudancin Turai da aka dauke su samar da 'ya'yan inabi, da zaituni, Citrus, taba, kwayoyi da kuma efironosov. The main "lambu" na Turai - Rum Coast. Yawanci, kowace jiha na da specialization na aikin noma. Alal misali, Holland ne sananne ga namo na furanni, Faransa da kuma Switzerland - samar da cuku, da sauransu.

yawon shakatawa

Janar halaye na waje Turai ba zai iya yi ba tare da yawon bude ido. Turai kuwa, shi ne kuma zai zama wata babbar yanki na kasa da kasa yawon shakatawa. Ga shi ne aka bayyana a duk inda. Mafi mashahuri ne France, Italy, Spain, da Birtaniya da kuma wasu manyan kasashen. Kuma a cikin kananan kasashe irin su Andorra, Monaco da sauransu, yawon shakatawa ne valyutoobrazuyuschey masana'antu. The main iri na yawon shakatawa a kasashen waje Turai - dutsen da teku.

sufuri

Yau, muna ba da wani janar faye hali na waje Turai, da kuma ba shi yiwuwa ba tare da kai tsarin. Turai ne na baya zuwa kai nesa da Amurka da kuma Rasha, amma shi ne shugaba a duniya na kai cibiyar sadarwa tsaro. Da yawa daga zirga-zirga ne sosai high. A muhimmiyar rawa a cikin kai na fasinjoji da kayayyaki ta hanyar kai plays. A dogo cibiyar sadarwa a mafi yawan jihohi suna rayayye rage.

Land sufuri cibiyar sadarwa yana mai rikitarwa sanyi. Its form babbar hanyar mota meridional da latitudinal kwatance, wanda yana da babbar adadin duniya muhimmancin. Waterways ma suna mayar da hankali a kan wadannan yankunan. A musamman rawar da ake buga ta da kogin Rhine. A da shi a shekara safarar fiye da ɗari biyu ton miliyan na kaya. A wuraren da ƙasa, kuma waterways rarraba wani crossings cewa ya juya yana yiwuwa a cikin real portovopromyshlennye gidaje. Alal misali, da tashar jiragen ruwa na Rotterdam a shekara jiragen ruwa game da 350 ton miliyan.

Yammacin Turai misali ne na yadda babbar halitta cikas ne ba wani shamaki ga kai tsarin. Dogo da kuma hanya hanyoyi, kazalika da bututun haye Alps a kan dukkan dole yankunan. A gaba na Baltic, da Rum da kuma Arewa Sea daure ferries.

Janar halaye na waje Turai: kimiyya da kuma kudi

A Turai yau akwai da yawa techno, wanda yin shi da daya daga cikin duniya cibiyoyin kimiyya. The most of su suna located a cikin kusanci da Munich da kuma Cambridge. Kuma shi kafa "high-tech hanya" a kudancin Faransa.

A Turai, akwai zaki ya share na most bankuna a duniya. Standard Bank ya Switzerland. A vaults na bankuna kiyaye game da 50% na Securities daga ko'ina cikin duniya.

Kare yanayi

Janar halaye na waje Turai ya nuna cewa a ranar da karkararta da rawa ne kariya daga yanayi. Saboda babban yawan yawa da kuma aiki ci gaban masana'antu a Turai an dade da fuskantar wani yawan matsalolin muhalli. Wasu daga cikin su suna hade da hakar kuma aiki na ci. Wasu - tare da wani yawa na petrochemical da karfe shuke-shuke a cikin manyan birane. Wasu - tare da karuwar yawan motoci a kan tituna. Fourth - da ci gaban yawon shakatawa, wadda take kaiwa zuwa wajen lalacewar yanayi. Da sauransu.

Dukan kasashe a yankin sun kasance m muhalli da manufofin. A sakamakon shan mafi m matakan: gabatarwa na kekuna da kuma lantarki motocin, da aiki sake ciyayi da kuma sauransu.

ƙarshe

Yau, da topic na mu hira da aka da sifofinsu waje Turai. 11 aji - lokacin da makaranta da dama a kan kafadu na wata babbar nauyi, don haka da yawa na asali abubuwa da suka saba shukawa. Muna tunatar da duk abin da zai yi, an manta, kuma koya wani sabon abu a kan "General Halaye na waje Turai." Presentation (Grade 11) tare da taimakon wannan labarin zai zama mai sauki aiki ga wani dalibi.