Phonology - shi ... phonology: definition, batu, manufofin da tushe

Daga cikin mutane da yawa da ilimin harsuna ya tarbiyya musamman ne don samar da irin wannan sashe kamar yadda phonology. Yana da wani kimiyya da karatu da sauti tsarin na harshe, ganin phonemes a cikinsa. Mastering da horo a cikin ta farko darussa fannoni hade da translation, harshen koyarwa, musamman Rasha.

Za mu dubi abin da phonology, abin da ta batu da kuma manufofin tsarin mu a wannan matakin na harshe. Ƙididdigewa ne ainihin terminology wannan sashe.

definition

Za mu fara da tattaunawa tare da definition.

Phonology - wani sashe na zamani harsuna, wanda ya wadãtu da sauti tsarin harshen, aiki na daban-daban sauti a cikin tsarin da su halaye.

Yana nufin da msar tambayar harsuna. Ainihin ilimin harsuna naúrar, wanda ke karanta kimiyya - phoneme.

An haife ta ne a cikin 70-80s na karni na 19th a Rasha. A kafa shi - Ivan Aleksandrovich Boduen de Courtenay, Rasha a masanin kimiyya tare da Yaren mutanen Poland asalinsu. A cikin 30s na karni na 20th shi ya dauki siffar matsayin mai zaman kanta kimiyya. Yau ne daya daga cikin babban philological tarbiyya da mukamansu farko a jerin articles na msar tambayar nahawu da harshe.

The abu da kuma manufar

Kamar kowane sauran kimiyya, harsuna, wannan sashe na da aiki da kuma batun.

Subject phonology - da phoneme, wanda shi ne mafi kankanta naúrar na harshe. An yi karatu phonology-masana kimiyya. Gafalallu dalibai iya ɗauka cewa batun shi ne sauti, amma ba haka. A gaskiya ma, sun koyi wani horo - imin sautin harshe.

Da tambaya ta biyu da za a gani - matsalar. Wadannan sun hada da:

• ganin a cikin harshen.
• jigon da bincike;
• kafa dangantaka tsakanin phoneme da sauti.
• Tsarin bayanin phonemes da su gyare-gyare.
• Description phonological tsarin.
• da mahada tsakanin phoneme da sauran dacewa raka'a harshe - morphemes da kuma kalmar siffofin.

Kuma ba duka phonological ayyuka. Ya kamata a lura cewa sama da fifiko ga dukan data kasance phonological makarantu.

Famous masana ilimin harsuna phonology

Kamar yadda muka gani a sama, ya kafa na kimiyya ya zama Ivan Aleksandrovich Boduen de Courtenay. Ya ɓullo da ta harsãshensa, ba impetus zuwa ta kara ci gaba.

Babu kasa da aka sani da ya dalibi Nikolay Sergeevich Trubetskoy, wanda ya rubuta shahararren "Manufofin phonology." Ya ƙwarai kumbura kimiyya na'ura horo, aka bayyana ainihin Concepts da rarrabuwa.

Mun yi aiki a cikin wannan sashe harsuna, da kuma Roman Osipovich Yakobson, Lev Vladimirovich Scherba, Avram Noam Chomsky da yawa wasu.

A yawa na kimiyya ayyukan kishin matsalolin da wannan sashe na harsuna. Ya kamata a lura da wadannan articles da monographs, wanda zai ba da cikakken hoto na ci gaban kimiyya, da ka'idodi:

• RI Avanesov, VN Sidorov da aka buga a saboda lokaci da monograph "The tsarin na phonemes na Rasha harshe."
• Fairly da kyau a san aikin S. I. Bernshteyna "Basic Concepts phonology."
• J. Vahek "phonemes da phonological raka'a".

Anda suke da sha'awar tarihi, da littafin shi ne amfani L. R. Zinder "Basic phonological makaranta."

Lura kuma aiki:

• SV Kasevich, "Phonological matsaloli na janar harsuna, da kuma gabas."
• TP chunks, "Phonology na Modern Rasha tushen harshe a kan sa ka'idar."
• VI Postovalov, "Phonology".

AA Reform - marubucin uku takardunku, wanda rufe daki-daki, kayan yau da kullum na kimiyya:

• "Daga cikin tarihi na Rasha phonology".
• "Makala a kan phonology, ilimin halittar jiki da kuma morphonology".
• "Phonological karatu."

phonological makaranta

Phonology al'amurran da suka shafi da hannu a harshe daban-daban makarantu. The fi sani da ayyukan kimiyya, da masana kasance wani ɓangare na Prague School, da suka hada da Trubetskoy da Jakobson.

Da tunaninsa da masana kimiyya daga Moscow Phonological makaranta, da suka hada A. Reform. A wakilan wannan Trend suna karatu da ainihi na sauti membranes phonemes.

Leningrad makaranta wakilan, ciki har da sanannen masanin ilimin harsuna L. Szczerba, ya yi ĩmãni da cewa kimiyya, a akasin haka, dole ne koyi da bambanci tsakanin su.

Amma ko da kuwa da ra'ayoyi na masana kimiyya bi don kowa terminology da ma'anar.

terminology

Kamar yadda aka ambata riga, phonology - da kimiyya da karatu da phonemes. Kamar wani filin daga wani ilmi, yana da kansa terminological na'ura.

By ta asali Concepts ne: phoneme, allophone, phoneme matsayin giperfonema, archiphoneme da sauransu. Ka yi la'akari da babban rabo.

• Phoneme - da kadan basa rabuwa da wani harshe. Amfani domin gina kalma siffofin da aikin wani rarrabe aiki. Aiwatar da taimako na sauti - dabam-dabam. Shi ne ya kamata a lura da cewa shi ne isasshe abstracted daga takamaiman magana sautuna.
• Allophone - aiwatar da wasu phonemes dangane da karin lafazi yanayi.
• Giperfonema - phoneme, wanda hadawa fasali na biyu nau'i-nau'i daga sautuna.
• Archiphoneme - phoneme ciwon hade da siffofin ne neutralized phonemes.
• A matsayi na phoneme - ganin ta magana. Ware kundin tsarin mulkin da combinatorial matsayi.
• Kundin tsarin mulkin matsayin - Aiwatar da phonemes dangane da wuri a cikin tambaya. Alal misali, unstressed ko jaddada syllable ne da wasali.

• Combinatorial matsayin - aiwatar dangane da karin lafazi yanayi. Alal misali, vowels a matsayi bayan da wuya ko taushi baƙaƙe da halaye daban-daban.
• A karfi matsayi na phoneme - da wuri a cikin abin da shi a fili ya nuna da kaddarorin.
• Rauni (na biyu sunan - neutralization matsayi) - matsayi a da phoneme ba cika da rarrabe fasali.
• Neutralization - mai daidaituwa na daban-daban phonemes a guda allophone.
• Rarrabe fasali na phonemes - ãyõyi abin da suka bambanta da juna.

Wannan ba irga na sharuddan wanda aiki phonology. Harsuna, a matsayin dukan da aka ma yin amfani da wasu daga cikinsu a cikin sauran sassan - imin sautin harshe, nahawu.

A phonological tsarin na Rasha harshen

Kowane harshe ne halin da phonological tsarin. A Rasha harshen yau emit 43 phonemes. Daga cikin wadannan, 6 - da kuma 37 vowels - baƙaƙe.

Bugu da kari, kowane daga cikinsu halin gaban ko babu wani takamaiman sa na fasali.

Wasali phonemes da kusa da wadannan aikin halaye: mataki na Yunƙurin, inda ya ware ta da babba, na tsakiya da kuma ƙananan dawo, babu ko gaban labialization.

A baƙaƙe ne mafi m yawan halaye. Ga lura da wadannan cututtuka, mafi yawan abin da ya kasu kashi nau'i-nau'i. Saboda haka, phonemes ne:

• sonorant ko m.
• kurãme ko sonorous.

By yanayin ilimi:

• occlusive.
• affricate.
• rata.
• rawar jiki.
• labial.
• hakori.
• Palatine.
• tukuru ko taushi.

Wadannan halaye suna da kyau da aka sani ga wadanda suka yi nazarin Rasha harshe. Imin sautin harshe, phonology - da kimiyya da cewa aiki a kan data halaye da kuma philology dalibai ana buƙatar ba kawai su haddace sa na halaye, amma kuma a iya amfani da su a yi, ta kwatanta wasu phonemes, dangane da matsayin su, a cikin kalma.

phonemic kwafi

Wani definition, wanda aiki da sashe na harsuna - phonemic kwafi. Shi ne kuma daya daga cikin muhimman basira, wanda ya zama don Master harshen dalibi. Phonemic kwafi - wannan shigarwa kalmomi sauti watsa ta wajen musamman Alamun cewa wakiltar phonemes a cikin kalmomi amfani.

A cikin wannan takarda ana gyarawa kawai na asali phoneme allophones ne ba a kayyade ba. Domin da rikodin amfani da alamu na QFontDatabase haruffa, da kuma Latin, kazalika da yawan lafazi alamomi.

binciken

Phonology - wannan shi ne daya daga cikin manyan sassan harsuna. Wannan kimiyya karatu da aiki na phonemes, da ƙaramar ilimin harsuna raka'a. Yana yana da fiye da wani karni, da kansa terminological tsarin, ɗawainiya da batun binciken.

Dalibai-philologists karatu shi a cikin shekarar farko na jami'a, kafin gabatarwa imin sautin harshe, ko a layi daya tare da shi. Ilimi na kayan yau da kullum na horo a nan gaba ba kawai taimaka wajen koyi nahawu, amma kuma dokoki na kuskure da kuma orthoepy.